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161.
162.
Zuzana Skodova Iveta Nagyova Jitse P. van Dijk Adriana Sudzinova Helena Vargova Martin Studencan S. A. Reijneveld 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(3):204-213
Psychosocial factors have been shown to play an important role in the aetiology of coronary heart disease (CHD). A strong
association between CHD and socioeconomic status (lower-level education, poor financial situation) has also been well established.
Socioeconomic differences may thus also have an effect on psychosocial risk factors associated with CHD, and socioeconomic
disadvantage may negatively affect the later prognosis and quality of life of cardiac patients. The aim of this study was
to review the available evidence on socioeconomic differences in psychosocial factors which specifically contribute to CHD.
A computer-aided search of the Medline and PsycINFO databases resulted in 301 articles in English published between 1994 and
2007. A comprehensive screening process identified 12 empirical studies which described the socioeconomic differences in CHD
risk factors. A review of these studies showed that socioeconomic status (educational grade, occupation or income) was adversely
associated with psychosocial factors linked to CHD. This association was evident in the case of hostility and depression.
Available studies also showed a similar trend with respect to social support, perception of health and lack of optimism. Less
consistent were the results related to anger and perceived stress levels. Socioeconomic disadvantage seems to be an important
element influencing the psychosocial factors related to CHD, thus, a more comprehensive clarification of associations between
these factors might be useful. More studies are needed, focused not only on well-known risk factors such as depression and
hostility, but also on some lesser known psychosocial factors such as Type D and vital exhaustion and their role in CHD. 相似文献
163.
Experimental study of the differential effects of playing versus watching violent video games on children's aggressive behavior 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is great concern about the effects of playing violent video games on aggressive behavior. The present experimental study was aimed at investigating the differential effects of actively playing vs. passively watching the same violent video game on subsequent aggressive behavior. Fifty-seven children aged 10-13 either played a violent video game (active violent condition), watched the same violent video game (passive violent condition), or played a non-violent video game (active non-violent condition). Aggression was measured through peer nominations of real-life aggressive incidents during a free play session at school. After the active participation of actually playing the violent video game, boys behaved more aggressively than did the boys in the passive game condition. For girls, game condition was not related to aggression. These findings indicate that, specifically for boys, playing a violent video game should lead to more aggression than watching television violence. 相似文献
164.
Response times on test items are easily collected in modern computerized testing. When collecting both (binary) responses
and (continuous) response times on test items, it is possible to measure the accuracy and speed of test takers. To study the
relationships between these two constructs, the model is extended with a multivariate multilevel regression structure which
allows the incorporation of covariates to explain the variance in speed and accuracy between individuals and groups of test
takers. A Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computation enables straightforward estimation of all model
parameters. Model-specific implementations of a Bayes factor (BF) and deviance information criterium (DIC) for model selection
are proposed which are easily calculated as byproducts of the MCMC computation. Both results from simulation studies and real-data
examples are given to illustrate several novel analyses possible with this modeling framework.
The authors thank Steven Wise, James Madison University, and Pere Joan Ferrando, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, for generously
making available their data sets for the empirical examples in this paper. 相似文献
165.
A. H. C. van der Heijden R. Schreuder L. Maris M. Neerincx 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1984,36(6):577-585
This study investigates the separate activation versus coactivation issue for redundant targets in a simple letter-detection paradigm with latency as the dependent variable. The results of a one-response visual-search task are reported. Since, on single-target trials, only the target was presented and no accompanying noise element, no “distraction decrement” caused by irrelevant noise elements (Grice et al., 1984) was to be expected. The data obtained showed a clear redundantsignal effect. Subsequent detailed analysis of the latency data using Miller’s (1982) procedure indicated that the results were consistent with a separate activation model and failed to provide convincing evidence in favor of coactivation models. A further analysis of the data indicated that, in the present study, the separate channels were negatively correlated for a range of fast RTs and positively correlated for intermediate and larger RTs. No evidence in favor of Grice et al.’s (1984) distraction-decrement hypothesis was found. The conclusions of this study are that (1) a separate activation model summarizes the essential features of information processing in this simple visual search task, and (2) no convincing evidence in favor of coactivation in visual search tasks has been reported in the literature up to now. 相似文献
166.
The duration of response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm varies with response force 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In a previous study, we have found that the speed of stopping a response is delayed when response readiness is reduced by cuing the probability of no-go trials [Acta Psychol. 111 (2002) 155]. Other investigators observed that responses are more forceful when the probability to respond is low than when it is high (e.g. [Quart. J. Exp. Psychol. A 50 (1997) 405]). In this study, the hypothesis was tested that low probability responses are more forceful than high probability responses and that these responses are more difficult to stop. Subjects performed on a choice reaction task and on three tasks with respectively 100%, 80%, and 50% response probabilities. Stop signals were presented on 30% of the trials, instructing subjects to withhold their response. Response force on non-signal (go) trials and the duration of response inhibition on signal (stop) trials increased as response probability decreased. This pattern of findings was interpreted to support the hypothesis predicting that stopping is more difficult when response readiness is low than when it is high. 相似文献
167.
Lena Knappert Hans van Dijk Shuai Yuan Yuval Engel Jan-Willem van Prooijen Andre Krouwel 《Political psychology》2021,42(3):423-442
Politicians are influential both in directing policies about refugees and in framing public discourse about them. However, unlike other host country residents, politicians' attitudes towards refugees and integration are remarkably understudied. We therefore examine similarities and differences between politicians' attitudes towards refugee integration and those held by citizens. Based on the stereotype content model, we expect that political ideology informs stereotypes about refugees, which subsequently shape attitudes towards refugee integration. Based on the Contact Hypothesis, we further argue that personal contact with refugees reduces negative stereotypes about them—in particular for those endorsing a right-wing ideology. We draw on data collected via two surveys with 905 politicians and 8013 citizens in the Netherlands to show that (1) unlike those with a left-wing orientation, residents (i.e., both politicians and citizens) with a right-wing orientation hold more negative stereotypes about refugees, which in turn relate to more negative attitudes towards refugee integration; (2) personal contact with refugees is associated with less negative stereotypes among residents; and (3) politicians, compared to citizens, report less negative stereotypes and more positive attitudes towards refugee integration. The practical implication of fostering residents' contact with refugees as well as the implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
168.
169.
Engelhard IM van den Hout MA Arntz A McNally RJ 《Behaviour research and therapy》2002,40(12):1415-1424
Previously, we found that chronic PTSD relates to “intrusion-based reasoning” (IR), i.e. the tendency to interpret distressing intrusions themselves as evidence that danger is impending, regardless of objective danger information (Engelhard et al., Behav. Res. Ther. 39 (2001) 1139). This study was intended to elucidate the causal status of this relation. Twenty-nine residents of a Belgian town witnessed a train crash and were assessed for IR and PTSD symptoms within 1 month and were re-assessed for PTSD at 3.5 months. Fourteen control residents did not witness the crash and were also tested for IR. The IR paradigm involved rating the danger of brief scenarios in which objective danger and presence of intrusions about the crash were systematically varied. The directly exposed residents showed greater danger ratings to scenarios in which intrusions were included than did the controls. IR was strongly related to both acute and chronic PTSD symptoms. It did not significantly predict chronic PTSD symptoms after controlling for acute symptoms, although the partial correlation (r=0.26, p=0.09) was in the expected direction. The data suggest that IR is involved in the onset and maintenance of PTSD symptoms, but more clarity about causality awaits future larger and experimental studies. 相似文献
170.
Recognizing oneself, easy as it appears to be, seems at least to require awareness of one's body and one's actions. To investigate the contribution of these factors to self-recognition, we presented normal subjects with an image of both their own and the experimenter's hand. The hands could make the same, a different or no movement and could be displayed in various orientations. Subjects had to tell whether the indicated hand was theirs or not. The results showed that a congruence between visual signals and signals indicating the position of the body is one component on which self-recognition is based. Recognition of one's actions is another component. Subjects had most difficulty in recognizing their hand when movements were absent. When the two hands made different movements, subjects relied exclusively on the movement cue and recognition was almost perfect. Our findings are in line with pathological alterations in the sense of body and the sense of action. 相似文献