论以社会适应为导向的大学生合作学习

本文在广泛研究国内外相关文献的基础上,从合作学习的内涵、理论基础和基本要素等方面入手,论述了大学生合作学习对培养其社会适应能力的重要意义,论证了大学生的合作学习是培养其社会适应能力的有效途径之一。     

Adjustment Problems and Emerging Personality Characteristics from Early to Late Adolescence

This 6-year longitudinal study extended earlier findings of contextual influences on adolescent adjustment problems by examining relationships between adolescent emotional and behavioral problems and late adolescent personality among more than 400 youths who were followed from 7th grade to the last year of high school. Results suggest that psychological distress and behavioral problems experienced during the adolescent years (7th–10th grades) are significantly related to personality structure during the final year of high school (12th grade). Psychological distress in adolescence was primarily related to the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) superfactors of negative and positive emotionality, whereas delinquency and substance use problems were primarily related to the MPQ superfactor of constraint. These relationships remained significant even when personality characteristics in 9th grade were taken into account. That is, emotional and behavioral problems predicted change in personality traits during the adolescent years. Moreover, both initial level and change in distress and problem behaviors were predictive of late adolescent or early adult personality. This finding suggests that personality formation is a dynamic process, dependent on the growth or decline, as well as the magnitude of earlier developmental problems. Because earlier research has shown that these developmental problems are affected by both distal and proximal environmental contexts as well as by the formative nature of adolescence, intervention efforts aimed at the reduction of maladjustment and the enhancement of healthy personality development should target early adolescent social contexts. Other theoretical implications of the findings also are discussed.     

回顾与展望:伦理学理论与实践六十年

中国伦理学历经了60年发展,也收获了60年春华秋实。回顾并审视伦理学理论和社会实践互动发展的历程,可以看到,我国伦理学与道德建设的发展折射着也指导着新中国的发展历程。伦理学作为一门独特的学科,首当其冲必须要回答、解决诸多社会发展的应然问题。事实上伦理学不仅是中国社会发展的理论产物,而且也参与着中国社会的建造。展望伦理学发展,创新伦理学理论,也应该遵循这样的维度,即伦理学要从理论学术的层面,关注时代,思考社会重大问题,为社会发展提供来自理论的、理性的价值指导,更好地发挥社会科学认识世界、传承文明、创新理论、咨政育人、服务社会的理论功能。     

影响个体道德选择的社会因素分析

影响个体道德选择的因素很多,从社会这个宏观角度来看,影响个体道德选择的因素有:社会结构、风俗习惯和道德情境。通过对影响个体道德选择的社会因素进行分析,可以为道德建设和道德教育提供理论上和方法论上的支持。     

《大丹直指》非丘处机作品考

<大丹直指>是否为丘处机作品对于丘处机及全真道研究是非常重要的问题,前人的看法虽有所怀疑而大都因循旧说,对<大丹直指>的真伪至今仍无认真的考证.本文以文献考据与义理疏通互证的方法,检讨<大丹直指>的丹法传承及其著作权的归属.     

脑钠肽和内皮素在慢性阻塞性肺疾病的应用研究

探讨脑钠肽、内皮素测定在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺动脉高压、病情严重程度及近期预后评估的意义.观察60例COPD急性加重期患者,60例经治疗转为稳定期的患者,以30例健康者作对照.COPD急性加重期患者根据肺动脉压力分为肺动脉高压组(A组)30例、肺动脉压力正常组(B组)30例,根据病情分为轻度组21例、中度组23例、重度组16例.用免疫分析法测定血浆脑钠肽、内皮素浓度.结果COPD急性加重期组脑钠肽、内皮素浓度明显升高,稳定期组明显下降(P＜0.001),但仍高于健康对照组(P＜0.001);A组明显高于B组(P＜0.05);重度组高于中度组(P＜0.05),中度组高于轻度组(P＜0.05).说明脑钠肽、内皮素浓度可反映COPD患者肺动脉压力情况及病情严重程度,有利于其疗效及近期预后评估.     

Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds

Fixation duration for same-race (i.e., Asian) and other-race (i.e., Caucasian) female faces by Asian infant participants between 4 and 9 months of age was investigated with an eye-tracking procedure. The age range tested corresponded with prior reports of processing differences between same- and other-race faces observed in behavioral looking time studies, with preference for same-race faces apparent at 3 months of age and recognition memory differences in favor of same-race faces emerging between 3 and 9 months of age. The eye-tracking results revealed both similarity and difference in infants’ processing of own- and other-race faces. There was no overall fixation time difference between same race and other race for the whole face stimuli. In addition, although fixation time was greater for the upper half of the face than for the lower half of the face and trended higher on the right side of the face than on the left side of the face, face race did not impact these effects. However, over the age range tested, there was a gradual decrement in fixation time on the internal features of other-race faces and a maintenance of fixation time on the internal features of same-race faces. Moreover, the decrement in fixation time for the internal features of other-race faces was most prominent on the nose. The findings suggest that (a) same-race preferences may be more readily evidenced in paired comparison testing formats, (b) the behavioral decline in recognition memory for other-race faces corresponds in timing with a decline in fixation on the internal features of other-race faces, and (c) the center of the face (i.e., the nose) is a differential region for processing same- versus other-race faces by Asian infants.     

自我解释的研究现状与展望

自我解释(self-explanation)是指学习者在学习过程中通过自己向自己解释学习内容而获得知识的过程。文章主要阐述了自我解释的含义、分类、三种自我解释效果的认知机制,并且提出自我解释研究中尚待解决的问题及对其进行展望。     

基督教在中国少数民族中的传播——鄂温克族与拉祜族比较研究

东正教在驯鹿鄂温克人中的传播和新教在拉祜族中的传播有着截然不同的方式,代表着两种不同的文化传播类型,其传播的结果和基督教在这两个族群中所发挥的作用也是十分不同的。     

回忆准备就绪程度的判断准确性与记忆成绩的相关

本研究采用3×3×2三因素混合实验设计(年龄、材料、性别),以|P-A|÷A做指标,对回忆准备就绪程度的判断准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关进行了研究。发现回忆准备就绪程度的判断准确性与记忆成绩的相关为-0.6199,达到了0.01显著性水平。同时,年级越低,监测准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关越高。回忆准备就绪程度判断的准确性在三项材料上存在差异,说明不同难度的材料对记忆监测与记忆成绩之间的相关有影响。回忆准备就绪程度判断的准确性与记忆成绩的相关存在性别差异,男生的相关值比女生要高。