论心理学文化品性

长期以来,关于心理学性质的理解一直存有争论,人们总是以自己的哲学观、心理观和理智背景来认识和解说心理学性质.从文化哲学视角来分析和探讨,会揭示出心理学对象、心理学者研究立场、心理学概念、心理学知识基础、心理学思维方式等诸要素与一定的价值立场和文化传统之间有着内在关联,其背后是强大的文化支持系统,这从整体上凸显了心理学的文化品性.探讨心理学文化品性旨在发现和建构心理学新的话语实践,使之成为重新解读心理学立论依据.     

面孔和汉字双关图的反转效应

面孔认知的反转效应已经得到了很多研究的证实.本研究使用结构信息改变的面孔、汉字和双关图作为实验材料.被试在经过面孔或者汉字的启动任务之后,可以将双关图知觉为面孔或者汉字.结果显示:在对面孔的相对辨认情景中,被试对反转面孔的反应时间显著长于正立面孔,存在反转效应.在对汉字的相对辨认情景中,正立和反转汉字的反应时间没有显著差异.这一结果表明反转效应不仅和结构信息有关,面孔专家化系统自上而下的激活对面孔反转效应起到重要的作用.     

An inner face advantage in children's recognition of familiar peers

Children’s recognition of familiar own-age peers was investigated. Chinese children (4-, 8-, and 14-year-olds) were asked to identify their classmates from photographs showing the entire face, the internal facial features only, the external facial features only, or the eyes, nose, or mouth only. Participants from all age groups were familiar with the faces used as stimuli for 1 academic year. The results showed that children from all age groups demonstrated an advantage for recognition of the internal facial features relative to their recognition of the external facial features. Thus, previous observations of a shift in reliance from external to internal facial features can be attributed to experience with faces rather than to age-related changes in face processing.     

影响学生体育学习情境兴趣的主因素研究

本研究以上海市中学生为研究对象,修订了中文版体育情境兴趣量表的信效度资料,构建了体育情境兴趣的模型结构,通过对被试学习过程中情境兴趣的测试与分析,揭示了影响学生体育学习情境兴趣的主因素及其相关关系。研究结果表明： 中文版体育情境兴趣量表具有良好的信度和效度,能较好地解释总体变量;相关与回归分析表明：即时愉悦感是激发体育学习情境兴趣的主要因素,而体育学习内容本身过高的新颖性和挑战性不利于情境兴趣的激发。     

Organisational culture moderation of interpersonal trust and affective commitment in health care non-governmental organisations in Ghana

This study examined the moderating effect of organisational culture (OC) moderation on the relationship between interpersonal trust (IT; trust in management and trust in peers) and employees’ affective commitment (AC). Participants were 295 employees of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Ghana (female = 42%; age range = 18–55). The employees completed the measures of IT, OC, AC, and employee performance. Moderation analysis of the data utilising structural equation modelling revealed that OC completely moderated the relationship between trust in management and trust in peers on AC. However, the moderation impact was found to be higher with trust in management than trust in peers. Moreover, AC completely mediated between trust in management and employee performance, and between trust in peers and employee performance. These findings highlight the importance for human resource managers of NGOs to incorporate and leverage on organisational culture as a key determinant resource for employees’ trust relationships, AC and performance goals.     

结构限制和信息干扰对双重作业绩效的影响

研究通过改变双重任务呈现的间隔时间来探讨结构限制与信息干扰对双重任务操作绩效的影响。实验结果表明：(1)两种作业呈现的间隔时间对双重任务操作绩效有明显的影响。间隔时间越大,双重任务的作业绩效越高。(2)信息干扰对双重任务的操作有明显的影响。信息干扰越大,双重任务的操作绩效越差。(3)两个作业呈现的间隔时间不同并不影响信息干扰对双重任务操作绩效的作用。根据实验结果,该研究提出了三因素假设：结构限制、信息干扰和资源竞争是影响双重任务操作绩效的三个主要因素。     

The lasting impression of chairman Mao: hyperfidelity of familiar-face memory

We examined the accuracy of a highly-familiar-face representation in memory. In experiment 1, a famous portrait of Chairman Mao was digitally altered in terms of the distance between his two eyes, two pixels at a time. Mainland Chinese adults were shown the original or altered photos, one at a time, and asked to determine whether each was that of Chairman Mao or altered. Eastern Asian and Caucasian participants, who were unfamiliar with Mao's photo, were shown simultaneously the original face paired with the altered ones and asked to determine whether the photos were identical. The Mainland Chinese participants' memory threshold approximated the perceptual discrimination threshold of the Eastern Asian and Caucasian participants. Experiments 2 and 3 ruled out that the result of experiment I was due to artifacts of photographic alteration. The findings of the present study suggest that our memory of a very familiar face is highly accurate, at least in terms of the interocular configuration. The accuracy is perhaps only limited by the perceptual resolution capacity of our visual system.     

学生提取自信度判断准确性的发展

采用3×3×2(年龄,材料,性别)三因素混合实验设计,按照学习成绩好、中、差分层随机选取小二、初二、大二学生被试各18名,其中男女各半,利用不同难度的材料,对被试提取自信度准确性的发展进行了考察。被试的判断等级与被试的记忆成绩之间的两点距随年龄而变化。而这种变化在不同难度间有不同的表现。(1)提取自信度准确性从小二到初二发展迅速,表现出显著差异;初二到大二阶段年龄差异不显著。材料难度对不同年级的被试提取自信度判断准确性的影响不同。材料难度越小,提取自信度准确性发展得越早。(2)提取自信度准确性发展的性别差异不显著。     

Auditory ERP in extremely premature 5-year-old children

The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis of a functional impairment in the automatic detection of deviant tones in 141 children born after 25 to 28 weeks of gestational age, as compared to 45 age-matched full-term control children. All of them were assessed at age 5 years 9 months and instructed to listen passively to two different pure tones (1000 vs 1200 Hz; 20 vs 80%) counterbalanced between ears. Rarity was thus defined by specific ear by tone combinations. The temporal N100 showed a clear contralateral functional organization of the central auditory pathway, especially for the left ear, but without group difference. By contrast, in full-term controls but not in premature children, the central N200 was specifically increased over frontal leads to rare stimuli as compared to frequent. Premature children demonstrated a lack of brain response when more complex processing integrating different informations was required.     

Study of γ/γ′ interfacial width in a nickel-based superalloy by scanning transmission electron microscopy

The γ/γ′ interfaces are thought to play an important role in determining the mechanical properties in single-crystal nickel-based superalloys. In this article, interfacial width in DD6, one second-generation single-crystal superalloy containing 2 wt% Re, has been studied by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy. From an atomic resolution high angle annular dark field image, both compositional interfaces and order–disorder interfaces are studied, and it is first found that the interfacial width of chemical composition is same with that between the ordered and disordered phases.