六个月至三岁儿童用左右手抓物的实验研究

对300名6个月至3岁的儿童进行了抓物的实验。发现1岁以内儿童的左、右手率在50％上下,随年龄增长,右手率逐渐增加:1—1(1/2)岁为69.4％,1(1/2)—2岁为71.3％,2—2(1/2)岁为76.9％,2(1/2)—3岁为81.5％。男、女存在差异,男孩右手率较女孩高。实验中出现双手抓物现象,但1岁半后此现象迅速减少。父母双方或一方为左利者,其孩子的左手率比那些父母为右利者高。此外,孩子抓物时对不同颜色物品和玩具则呈现选择性倾向。     

Software tools for creating line drawings on a CRT

A software package that can be used for the generation of line drawings on CRTs is discussed. The pictures obtained are stored as sets of coordinates of line segments. Complex pictures consist of sets of subpictures. In this way, pictures, or parts of pictures, can be easily manipulated (e.g., rotated, translated, scaled) and can be displayed on different types of display systems.     

三国四城市小学儿童数学成绩的比较研究——跨文化研究之一

本研究是中国科学院心理研究所和美国密西根大学的协作项目。数学团体测验是整体研究项目的一部分。这一研究的目的是比较在不同文化背景下北京(中)、芝加哥(美)、仙台(日)和台北(中)小学儿童的数学成绩。其结果表明:亚洲学生的成绩显著高于美国儿童的成绩。我们试将美国教材同其它国家的教材进行比较,已初步看出,教材讲授的时间可能是影响中国儿童成绩的重要因素之一。学生的学习态度可能是影响儿童成绩的另一因素。其它方面如家庭条件、母亲的观念、教师的教学风格以及课堂的组织形式都可能影响儿童的学习成绩。我们对此将陆续提出报告。     

Older but not younger infants associate own‐race faces with happy music and other‐race faces with sad music

We used a novel intermodal association task to examine whether infants associate own‐ and other‐race faces with music of different emotional valences. Three‐ to 9‐month‐olds saw a series of neutral own‐ or other‐race faces paired with happy or sad musical excerpts. Three‐ to 6‐month‐olds did not show any specific association between face race and music. At 9 months, however, infants looked longer at own‐race faces paired with happy music than at own‐race faces paired with sad music. Nine‐month‐olds also looked longer at other‐race faces paired with sad music than at other‐race faces paired with happy music. These results indicate that infants with nearly exclusive own‐race face experience develop associations between face race and music emotional valence in the first year of life. The potential implications of such associations for developing racial biases in early childhood are discussed.     

如何减少医疗差错

医疗差错是危及医疗安全、制约医疗质量、影响医患关系、引发医患纠纷的核心问题,是医院管理的重点和难点.本文通过对医疗差错的分析和美国七大减少医疗差错的借鉴来探讨如何结合我国医院的实际来有效地减少医疗差错的发生.     

进行中任务加工类型对前瞻记忆TAP效应的影响

该研究采用基于双重任务的实验研究范式,采用双字词作为实验材料,考察了知觉和语义两种进行中任务加工类型对前瞻记忆TAP效应的影响。结果发现：进行中任务加工类型对前瞻记忆绩效的TAP效应有显著影响。当进行中任务为知觉加工时,前瞻记忆任务的绩效存在显著的TAP效应;当进行中任务为语义加工时,前瞻记忆任务绩效的TAP效应没有出现。     

Cognitive abilities in adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent criminal offenders

T. E. Moffitt's (1993a) hypothesis that adolescent-limited criminal offenders will have higher scores on tests of cognitive ability than life-course-persistent offenders was tested with 12 tests of cognitive ability given to a large and diverse sample of delinquent juveniles whose arrest records were collected over 20 years. This is the first investigation to empirically evaluate this proposal with longitudinal data obtained from a sample for a long enough time to distinguish life course patterns of crime. This study provided only partial support for Moffitt's hypothesis because the results varied by ethnicity. We found relatively consistent support for the hypothesis for Caucasians and Hispanics but no support for the hypothesis for African Americans. These findings are interpreted in terms of differences in developmental contexts for individual ethnic groups.     

学前儿童对事实、信念、愿望和情绪间关系的认知

76名3至5岁儿童接受了区分事实和信念、根据信念推测他人愿望、根据愿望推测他人情绪等实验任务,通过考查学前儿童对事实、信念、愿望和情绪间关系的认知,探察学前儿童心理理论发展的特点。结果显示3岁儿童在区分信念和事实时,出现错报事实或错报信念两种错误,而不单纯是现实主义偏向错误;在推测他人愿望时,部分3岁和4岁儿童虽然能够正确报告他人的信念却不能正确推测他人愿望,愿望认知发展有其复杂性的一面。学前儿童主要依据愿望推测他人情绪,儿童对信念和愿望的认知水平制约儿童对他人情绪的理解。     

性别加工的记忆效应与内隐性别刻板印象

本研究以72名在校大学生为被试,采用心理过程分离程序,探讨了不同性别加工学习条件下被试的记忆效果。实验结果表明：在两性角色行为特征的认知过程中,意识过程和无意识过程对记忆效果的影响是不同的。有意识的外显记忆效果,两种条件无显著差异;但在无意识的内隐记忆效果上差异显著,反映了一种对女性另眼相看,严格苛求的内隐性别刻板印象。