幼儿对数的认知及其策略

该研究探查幼儿对基数、数序、运算和解应用题的认知发展过程及其认知策略。着重探查：(1)不同认知任务对幼儿数认知发展的影响;(2)幼儿对基数和数序两者认知发展的顺序;(3)从幼儿主动解决问题的策略探究其认知发展水平。该研究采用定性和定量相结合的研究方法。被试为4、5、6岁城市幼儿园儿童,共92人,男女约各半。全部实验以个别方式进行。主要研究结果表明：(1)幼儿对基数、数序、运算和解应用题的认知成绩均有随年龄发展的趋势,但快速发展的年龄阶段因任务的难度而异;(2)幼儿对基数和数序的认知在4—5岁显示出不同步的发展,对基数的认知成绩优于对数序的认知,而到6岁两者具有同步发展的趋势;(3)幼儿解决问题的策略水平随年龄发展,显示了由外化水平的智力活动向完全内化的智力操作的发展过程,并具有明显的层次性。该研究结果为幼儿数能力的培养和促进提供参考依据。     

双作业的信息编码方式对作业绩效的影响

采用单作业和双作业操作,探讨了不同信息编码方式对双作业操作绩效的影响。实验结果证明：若采用相同的信息编码方式,同时操作的两种作业就会产生相互干扰,降低双作业操作绩效;相反,若同时操作的两种作业采用不同信息编码方式将有效地减小双作业操作的相互干扰,使双作业操作的绩效得到提高。     

六个月至三岁儿童用左右手抓物的实验研究

对300名6个月至3岁的儿童进行了抓物的实验。发现1岁以内儿童的左、右手率在50％上下,随年龄增长,右手率逐渐增加:1—1(1/2)岁为69.4％,1(1/2)—2岁为71.3％,2—2(1/2)岁为76.9％,2(1/2)—3岁为81.5％。男、女存在差异,男孩右手率较女孩高。实验中出现双手抓物现象,但1岁半后此现象迅速减少。父母双方或一方为左利者,其孩子的左手率比那些父母为右利者高。此外,孩子抓物时对不同颜色物品和玩具则呈现选择性倾向。     

Software tools for creating line drawings on a CRT

A software package that can be used for the generation of line drawings on CRTs is discussed. The pictures obtained are stored as sets of coordinates of line segments. Complex pictures consist of sets of subpictures. In this way, pictures, or parts of pictures, can be easily manipulated (e.g., rotated, translated, scaled) and can be displayed on different types of display systems.     

三国四城市小学儿童数学成绩的比较研究——跨文化研究之一

本研究是中国科学院心理研究所和美国密西根大学的协作项目。数学团体测验是整体研究项目的一部分。这一研究的目的是比较在不同文化背景下北京(中)、芝加哥(美)、仙台(日)和台北(中)小学儿童的数学成绩。其结果表明:亚洲学生的成绩显著高于美国儿童的成绩。我们试将美国教材同其它国家的教材进行比较,已初步看出,教材讲授的时间可能是影响中国儿童成绩的重要因素之一。学生的学习态度可能是影响儿童成绩的另一因素。其它方面如家庭条件、母亲的观念、教师的教学风格以及课堂的组织形式都可能影响儿童的学习成绩。我们对此将陆续提出报告。     

Older but not younger infants associate own‐race faces with happy music and other‐race faces with sad music

We used a novel intermodal association task to examine whether infants associate own‐ and other‐race faces with music of different emotional valences. Three‐ to 9‐month‐olds saw a series of neutral own‐ or other‐race faces paired with happy or sad musical excerpts. Three‐ to 6‐month‐olds did not show any specific association between face race and music. At 9 months, however, infants looked longer at own‐race faces paired with happy music than at own‐race faces paired with sad music. Nine‐month‐olds also looked longer at other‐race faces paired with sad music than at other‐race faces paired with happy music. These results indicate that infants with nearly exclusive own‐race face experience develop associations between face race and music emotional valence in the first year of life. The potential implications of such associations for developing racial biases in early childhood are discussed.     

如何减少医疗差错

医疗差错是危及医疗安全、制约医疗质量、影响医患关系、引发医患纠纷的核心问题,是医院管理的重点和难点.本文通过对医疗差错的分析和美国七大减少医疗差错的借鉴来探讨如何结合我国医院的实际来有效地减少医疗差错的发生.     

进行中任务加工类型对前瞻记忆TAP效应的影响

该研究采用基于双重任务的实验研究范式,采用双字词作为实验材料,考察了知觉和语义两种进行中任务加工类型对前瞻记忆TAP效应的影响。结果发现：进行中任务加工类型对前瞻记忆绩效的TAP效应有显著影响。当进行中任务为知觉加工时,前瞻记忆任务的绩效存在显著的TAP效应;当进行中任务为语义加工时,前瞻记忆任务绩效的TAP效应没有出现。     

Cognitive abilities in adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent criminal offenders

T. E. Moffitt's (1993a) hypothesis that adolescent-limited criminal offenders will have higher scores on tests of cognitive ability than life-course-persistent offenders was tested with 12 tests of cognitive ability given to a large and diverse sample of delinquent juveniles whose arrest records were collected over 20 years. This is the first investigation to empirically evaluate this proposal with longitudinal data obtained from a sample for a long enough time to distinguish life course patterns of crime. This study provided only partial support for Moffitt's hypothesis because the results varied by ethnicity. We found relatively consistent support for the hypothesis for Caucasians and Hispanics but no support for the hypothesis for African Americans. These findings are interpreted in terms of differences in developmental contexts for individual ethnic groups.