时间序列关系推理研究概述

时间序列关系推理是对事件发生的先后顺序关系的推理,是日常生活思维的重要方面。已有的研究关注3类推理问题,探查了不同任务变式下成人时间序列关系推理过程和推理策略,研究结果多支持心理模型理论。未来的研究应探明3类问题的性质,从心理逻辑理论的角度深化策略的研究结果,进一步揭示推理的机制。     

训练方法对不同创造力水平儿童创造力发展的影响

采用修订的威廉斯创造性思维量表筛选出创造力水平低和创造力水平高的两组儿童,随机分配到头脑风暴法训练组、强制联想法训练组和控制组,分别进行5周的创造力训练。结果显示,在创造力的开放性和精密性维度上,头脑风暴法对创造力水平低的儿童的创造力提高具有显著的效应;两种训练方法对高创造力水平儿童的创造力成绩提高不起作用。儿童的创造力训练应考虑个体原有的创造力水平之间的差异和方法的有效性。     

Introducing a new entity into discourse: Comprehension and production evidence for the status of Dutch er “there” as a higher-level expectancy monitor

This paper reports on the ways in which new entities are introduced into discourse. First, we present the evidence in support of a model of indefinite reference processing based on three principles: the listener’s ability to make predictive inferences in order to decrease the unexpectedness of upcoming words, the availability to the speaker of grammatical constructions that customize predictive inferences, and the use of “expectancy monitors” to signal and facilitate the introduction of highly unpredictable entities. We provide evidence that one of these expectancy monitors in Dutch is the post-verbal variant of existential er (the equivalent of the unstressed existential “there” in English). In an eye-tracking experiment we demonstrate that the presence of er decreases the processing difficulties caused by low subject expectancy. A corpus-based regression analysis subsequently confirms that the production of er is determined almost exclusively by seven parameters of low subject expectancy. Together, the comprehension and production data suggest that while existential er functions as an expectancy monitor in much the same way as speech disfluencies (hesitations, pauses and filled pauses), er is a higher-level expectancy monitor because it is available in spoken and written discourse and because it is produced more systematically than any disfluency.     

特邀编辑的几句话

大约两年前回国,<心理学报>的主编杨玉芳老师要我帮忙组一期行为遗传学的专辑.组稿的初衷是向国内同行介绍行为遗传学的最新发展.行为遗传学,顾名思义,也就是研究遗传因素如何对行为发生影响的学问.传统的行为遗传学主要借助孪生子及养子女作为手段,加以统计量化分析,以推算遗传和环境对行为,情感,认知,或智商等心理特征的影响.     

Notes on attribution functions

Let be the knowledge space derived from an attribution function σ on Q. Under an assumption for σ, this paper gives some necessary and sufficient conditions such that is discriminative. It also discusses the resolubility of σ when Q is an infinite set. More precisely, this paper proves that σ is not resoluble if Q is uncountable, and gives a necessary and sufficient condition such that σ is resoluble when is -well-graded. By way of applications of these results, discriminativeness and resolubility are discussed around the merge of skill multimaps and the meshing of the delineated knowledge spaces.     

脑钠肽和内皮素在慢性阻塞性肺疾病的应用研究

探讨脑钠肽、内皮素测定在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺动脉高压、病情严重程度及近期预后评估的意义.观察60例COPD急性加重期患者,60例经治疗转为稳定期的患者,以30例健康者作对照.COPD急性加重期患者根据肺动脉压力分为肺动脉高压组(A组)30例、肺动脉压力正常组(B组)30例,根据病情分为轻度组21例、中度组23例、重度组16例.用免疫分析法测定血浆脑钠肽、内皮素浓度.结果COPD急性加重期组脑钠肽、内皮素浓度明显升高,稳定期组明显下降(P＜0.001),但仍高于健康对照组(P＜0.001);A组明显高于B组(P＜0.05);重度组高于中度组(P＜0.05),中度组高于轻度组(P＜0.05).说明脑钠肽、内皮素浓度可反映COPD患者肺动脉压力情况及病情严重程度,有利于其疗效及近期预后评估.     

Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds

Fixation duration for same-race (i.e., Asian) and other-race (i.e., Caucasian) female faces by Asian infant participants between 4 and 9 months of age was investigated with an eye-tracking procedure. The age range tested corresponded with prior reports of processing differences between same- and other-race faces observed in behavioral looking time studies, with preference for same-race faces apparent at 3 months of age and recognition memory differences in favor of same-race faces emerging between 3 and 9 months of age. The eye-tracking results revealed both similarity and difference in infants’ processing of own- and other-race faces. There was no overall fixation time difference between same race and other race for the whole face stimuli. In addition, although fixation time was greater for the upper half of the face than for the lower half of the face and trended higher on the right side of the face than on the left side of the face, face race did not impact these effects. However, over the age range tested, there was a gradual decrement in fixation time on the internal features of other-race faces and a maintenance of fixation time on the internal features of same-race faces. Moreover, the decrement in fixation time for the internal features of other-race faces was most prominent on the nose. The findings suggest that (a) same-race preferences may be more readily evidenced in paired comparison testing formats, (b) the behavioral decline in recognition memory for other-race faces corresponds in timing with a decline in fixation on the internal features of other-race faces, and (c) the center of the face (i.e., the nose) is a differential region for processing same- versus other-race faces by Asian infants.     

自我解释的研究现状与展望

自我解释(self-explanation)是指学习者在学习过程中通过自己向自己解释学习内容而获得知识的过程。文章主要阐述了自我解释的含义、分类、三种自我解释效果的认知机制,并且提出自我解释研究中尚待解决的问题及对其进行展望。