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31.
Serniclaes W Van Heghe S Mousty P Carré R Sprenger-Charolles L 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2004,87(4):336-361
Perceptual discrimination between speech sounds belonging to different phoneme categories is better than that between sounds falling within the same category. This property, known as "categorical perception," is weaker in children affected by dyslexia. Categorical perception develops from the predispositions of newborns for discriminating all potential phoneme categories in the world's languages. Predispositions that are not relevant for phoneme perception in the ambient language are usually deactivated during early childhood. However, the current study shows that dyslexic children maintain a higher sensitivity to phonemic distinctions irrelevant in their linguistic environment. This suggests that dyslexic children use an allophonic mode of speech perception that, although without straightforward consequences for oral communication, has obvious implications for the acquisition of alphabetic writing. Allophonic perception specifically affects the mapping between graphemes and phonemes, contrary to other manifestations of dyslexia, and may be a core deficit. 相似文献
32.
Information processing limit is a fundamental issue in cognitive psychology. One particular way of studying it is to adopt a temporal span perspective. In this experiment, Weber fractions based on thresholds for duration discrimination are used for adopting this perspective. The results showed that, contrary to the constant predicted by Weber's law, the Weber fraction is larger at 2 than at .2 s. This increase is observed in conditions where inter-trial intervals and cognitive load are manipulated, and is argued to be due to the fact that 2 s is beyond a temporal span limit for processing information. 相似文献
33.
Peeters F Nicolson NA Berkhof J Delespaul P deVries M 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2003,112(2):203-211
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by high negative affect (NA) and low positive affect (PA), but little is known about emotional reactivity in daily life. The authors used experience sampling methodology to investigate changes in NA and PA following minor daily events in MDD compared with healthy participants. Contrary to expectation, MDD participants did not report more frequent negative events, although they did report fewer positive events. Multilevel regression showed that both NA and PA responses to negative events were blunted in the MDD group, whereas responses to positive events were enhanced. NA responses to negative events persisted longer in MDD participants. Depressed participants with a positive family history or longer current episodes showed relatively greater NA responses to negative events. 相似文献
34.
Two-month-olds and newborns were tested in a situation where they had the opportunity to experience different auditory consequences of their own oral activity on a dummy pacifier. Modulation of oral activity was scored and analyzed relative to two types of contingent auditory feedback, either analog or non-analog to the effort exerted by the infant on the pacifier. The dummy pacifier was connected to an air pressure transducer for recording of oral action. In two different experimental conditions, each time the infant sucked above a certain pressure threshold they heard a perfectly contingent sound of varying pitch. In one condition, the pitch variation was analog to the pressure applied by the infant on the pacifier (analog condition). In another, the pitch variation was random (non-analog condition). As rationale, a differential modulation of oral activity in these two conditions was construed as indexing some voluntary control and the sense of a causal link between sucking and its auditory consequences, beyond mere temporal contingency detection and response–stimulus association. Results indicated that 2-month-olds showed clear signs of modulation of their oral activity on the pacifier as a function of analog versus non-analog condition. In contrast, newborns did not show any signs of such modulation either between experimental conditions (analog versus non-analog contingent sounds) or between baseline (no contingent sounds condition) and experimental conditions. These observations are interpreted as evidence of self-exploration and the emergence of a sense of self-agency by 2 months of age. 相似文献
35.
Philippe Huneman 《Synthese》2012,185(2):195-214
Among many properties distinguishing emergence, such as novelty, irreducibility and unpredictability, computational accounts
of emergence in terms of computational incompressibility aim first at making sense of such unpredictability. Those accounts
prove to be more objective than usual accounts in terms of levels of mereology, which often face objections of being too epistemic.
The present paper defends computational accounts against some objections, and develops what such notions bring to the usual
idea of unpredictability. I distinguish the objective unpredictability, compatible with determinism and entailed by emergence,
and various possibilities of predictability at emergent levels. This makes sense of practices common in complex systems studies
that forge qualitative predictions on the basis of comparisons of simulations with multiple values of parameters. I consider
robustness analysis as a way to ensure the ontological character of computational emergence. Finally, I focus on the property
of novelty, as it is displayed by biological evolution, and ask whether computer simulations of evolution can produce the
same kind of emergence as the open-ended evolution attested in Phanerozoic records. 相似文献
36.
Philippe Huneman 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(2):171-194
This paper investigates the conception of causation required in order to make sense of natural selection as a causal explanation
of changes in traits or allele frequencies. It claims that under a counterfactual account of causation, natural selection
is constituted by the causal relevance of traits and alleles to the variation in traits and alleles frequencies. The “statisticalist”
view of selection (Walsh, Matthen, Ariew, Lewens) has shown that natural selection is not a cause superadded to the causal
interactions between individual organisms. It also claimed that the only causation at work is those aggregated individual
interactions, natural selection being only predictive and explanatory, but it is implicitly committed to a process-view of
causation. I formulate a counterfactual construal of the causal statements underlying selectionist explanations, and show
that they hold because of the reference they make to ecological reliable factors. Considering case studies, I argue that this
counterfactual view of causal relevance proper to natural selection captures more salient features of evolutionary explanations
than the statisticalist view, and especially makes sense of the difference between selection and drift. I eventually establish
equivalence between causal relevance of traits and natural selection itself as a cause. 相似文献
37.
The purpose of the present research was to show that satisfaction of the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness constitutes a basic component characterizing autobiographical memories. In Study 1, a coding scheme and a self-rating method for measuring need satisfaction in memories were developed and shown to be highly related to each other. Across 3 studies using graduate and undergraduate students (Study 1: N=244; Study 2: N=309; Study 3: N=159), need satisfaction was found to be moderately associated with well-being measures, over and above several other memory components usually assessed in research on autobiographical memories. In addition, this association between need satisfaction in autobiographical memories and well-being held, even after controlling for person-level measures, such as personality traits, self-determined orientation, or experience of need satisfaction in general in one's life, thus suggesting that autobiographical memory and semantic self-knowledge are distinct databases. 相似文献
38.
Yoon-Mi Hur Hoe-Uk Jeong Julie Aitken Schermer J. Philippe Rushton 《Personality and individual differences》2011,51(8):1052-1055
Despite numerous folk sayings about miserly people, the genetic and environmental architecture of the character trait of miserliness has been very rarely studied to date. We administered six items of the miserliness scale to 1110 pairs of South Korean twins aged 12- to 25-years (M = 18.0, SD = 3.3). Model-fitting analyses indicated that 28% (95% CI: 21–34%) and 72% (95% CI: 66–79%) of individual difference in miserliness were attributable to genetic and unique environmental influences, respectively. Common family environmental effects were negligible, consistent with a large body of behavioral genetic literature on personality. Sex differences in the magnitude of genetic and environmental factors in miserliness were not significant. 相似文献
39.
Hooria Jazaieri Kelly McGonigal Thupten Jinpa James R. Doty James J. Gross Philippe R. Goldin 《Motivation and emotion》2014,38(1):23-35
Compassion is a positive orientation towards suffering that may be enhanced through compassion training and is thought to influence psychological functioning. However, the effects of compassion training on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation are not known. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in which 100 adults from the community were randomly assigned to either a 9-week compassion cultivation training (CCT) or a waitlist (WL) control condition. Participants completed self-report inventories that measured mindfulness, positive and negative affect, and emotion regulation. Compared to WL, CCT resulted in increased mindfulness and happiness, as well as decreased worry and emotional suppression. Within CCT, the amount of formal meditation practiced was related to reductions in worry and emotional suppression. These findings suggest that compassion cultivation training effects cognitive and emotion factors that support psychological flexible and adaptive functioning. 相似文献
40.