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241.
Ensar Becic Gary S. Dell Kathryn Bock Susan M. Garnsey Tate Kubose Arthur F. Kramer 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(1):15-21
It is well known that conversation (e.g, on a cell phone) impairs driving. We demonstrate that the reverse is also true: Language
production and comprehension, and the encoding of the products of comprehension into memory, are less accurate when one is
driving. Ninety-six pairs of drivers and conversation partners engaged in a story-retelling task in a driving simulator. Half
of the pairs were older adults. Each pair completed one dual-task block (driving during the retelling task) and two single-task
control blocks. The results showed a decline in the accuracy of the drivers’ storytelling and of their memory for stories
that were told to them by their nondriving partners. Speech production suffered an additional cost when the difficulty of
driving increased. Measures of driving performance suggested that the drivers gave priority to the driving task when they
were conversing. As a result, their linguistic performance suffered. 相似文献
242.
This study is based on analysis of copyright policies and 26 interviews with science and engineering faculty at three research
universities on the topic of copyright beliefs, values, and practices, with emphasis on copyright of instructional materials,
courseware, tools, and texts. Given that research universities now emphasize increasing external revenue flows through marketing
of intellectual property, we expected copyright to follow the path of patents and lead to institutional emphasis of policies
and practices that enhanced universities’ intellectual property portfolios, accompanied by an increase in copyrighting by
professors. Although this pattern occurred with regard to institutions, professors offered a more varied pattern, with some
fully participating in commercialization of copyright and embracing entrepreneurial values, while others resisted or subverted
commercial activity in favor of traditional science and engineering values. 相似文献
243.
244.
逻辑经验主义对实验心理学的关注并非只是由于其结果的作用或其态度上的相似性,而且由于(或许是更为重要的)对澄清其概念的共同需要。逻辑经验主义对物理概念的分析是一种哲学成就的范式,而他们在心理学中同样的分析工作也被看做是规范科学的疑难解决方案。在这种范式的背后隐藏着统一科学的哲学理想。围绕经验问题,逻辑经验主义与心理学之间在20世纪30年代出现了大量互动;正是根据这个问题,以及在逻辑经验主义对统一科学的强调的关联中,我们才能很好地理解逻辑经验主义的心理学哲学及其对心理学的影响。以卡尔纳普、费格尔和托曼为最初代表,他们提出完全不同的处理方式,把心理学看做经验科学,就可以得到其他科学同样具有的主体间性,因此,这就使得逻辑经验主义获得了它希望得到的地位。 相似文献
245.
Warker JA Dell GS Whalen CA Gereg S 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(5):1289-1295
Adults can learn new artificial phonotactic constraints by producing syllables that exhibit the constraints. The experiments presented here tested the limits of phonotactic learning in production using speech errors as an implicit measure of learning. Experiment 1 tested a constraint in which the placement of a consonant as an onset or coda depended on the identity of a nonadjacent consonant. Participant speech errors reflected knowledge of the constraint but not until the 2nd day of testing. Experiment 2 tested a constraint in which consonant placement depended on an extralinguistic factor, the speech rate. Participants were not able to learn this constraint. Together, these experiments suggest that phonotactic-like constraints are acquired when mutually constraining elements reside within the phonological system. 相似文献
246.
This research explores the role of attentional shift and disengagement in repressive distancing. During a target-detection task in which emotional and neutral facial expressions were used as cues, participants received performance feedback intended to elicit a negative emotional reaction that rendered the task either threatening or not threatening to self-concept. When the task was perceived to threaten self-concept, repressors distanced themselves by rapidly disengaging their attention from the facial expressions rather than by slowly shifting or not shifting their attention to the facial expressions. Attentional disengagement was accompanied by sympathetic nervous system activity suggestive of a defense response. This research provides further insight into the nature and consequences of the interplay of dispositional tendencies, situational contexts, and higher order cognitive influences in attentional behavior. 相似文献
247.
Mental set is the tendency to solve certain problems in a fixed way based on previous solutions to similar problems. The moment of insight occurs when a problem cannot be solved using solution methods suggested by prior experience and the problem solver suddenly realizes that the solution requires different solution methods. Mental set and insight have often been linked together and yet no attempt thus far has systematically examined the interplay between the two. Three experiments are presented that examine the extent to which sets of noninsight and insight problems affect the subsequent solutions of insight test problems. The results indicate a subtle interplay between mental set and insight: when the set involves noninsight problems, no mental set effects are shown for the insight test problems, yet when the set involves insight problems, both facilitation and inhibition can be seen depending on the type of insight problem presented in the set. A two process model is detailed to explain these findings that combines the representational change mechanism with that of proceduralization. 相似文献
248.
Gary Allen 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2008,6(2):105-116
It has become almost a truism to describe the interaction between research ethics committees and researchers as being marred by distrust and conflict. The ethical conduct of researchers is increasingly a matter of institutional concern because of the degree to which non-compliance with national standards can expose the entire institution to risk. This has transformed research ethics into what some have described as a research ethics industry. In an operational sense, there is considerable focus on modifying research behaviour through a combination of education and sanctions. The assessment of whether a researcher is ‘ethical’ is too often based on whether they submit their work for review by an ethics committee. However, is such an approach making a useful contribution to the actual ethical conduct of research and the protection of the interests of participants? Does a focus on ethical review minimise institutional risk? Instead it has been suggested that ethics committees may be distorting or frustrating useful research and are promoting a culture of either mindless rule following or frustrated resistance. An alternative governance approach is required. There is a need for a strong institutional focus on promoting and supporting the reflective practice of researchers through every stage of their work. By situating research ethics within the broader framework of institutional governance, this paper suggests it is possible to establish arrangements that actually facilitate excellent and ethical research. 相似文献
249.
Risk management of nanotechnology is challenged by the enormous uncertainties about the risks, benefits, properties, and future
direction of nanotechnology applications. Because of these uncertainties, traditional risk management principles such as acceptable
risk, cost–benefit analysis, and feasibility are unworkable, as is the newest risk management principle, the precautionary
principle. Yet, simply waiting for these uncertainties to be resolved before undertaking risk management efforts would not
be prudent, in part because of the growing public concerns about nanotechnology driven by risk perception heuristics such
as affect and availability. A more reflexive, incremental, and cooperative risk management approach is required, which not
only will help manage emerging risks from nanotechnology applications, but will also create a new risk management model for
managing future emerging technologies. 相似文献
250.
Repetition blindness (RB) was investigated in 6 experiments. In the first 3 experiments participants detected vowel targets in 11-letter sequences. When all letters were uppercase, detection was poorer for same (e.g., AA) than for different (e.g., AO) targets. However, when one target was uppercase and the other lowercase, RB was found only for targets visually identical except for size (e.g., Oo), not for visually different pairs (e.g., Aa). Experiment 4 found RB for visually identical versus different consonant-vowel-consonant words. Experiments 5 and 6 replicated Kanwisher's (1987) experiment in which RB was insensitive to word case but revealed these effects to be artifacts of poor recognition of 5-letter words coupled with a biased guessing strategy. Overall, these experiments found RB only at a low level of visual information processing. 相似文献