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991.
Brian A. Iwata Gary M. Pace Robert C. Kissel Paul A. Nau Jon M. Farber 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(1):99-110
A method is described for classifying and quantifying surface tissue damage caused by self-injurious behavior. The Self-Injury Trauma Scale permits differentiation of self-injurious behavior according to topography, location of the injury on the body, type of injury, number of injuries, and estimate of severity. Fifty pairs of independently scored records were subjected to interrater reliability analyses, and the following mean (median) percentage agreement scores were obtained: overall agreement, 97% (98%); location of injury, 99% (100%); type of injury, 96% (100%); number of injuries, 89% (100%); and severity of injury, 94% (100%). Percentage agreement also was calculated for three summary scores: Number Index, 90%; Severity Index, 92%; and Estimate of Current Risk, 100%. Potential applications and limitations of the scale are discussed. 相似文献
992.
Mark W. Steege David P. Wacker Karla C. Cigrand Wendy K. Berg Christine G. Novak Thomas M. Reimers Gary M. Sasso Agnes DeRaad 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(4):459-467
Behavioral assessment procedures were used to determine the maintaining conditions of self-injury exhibited by 2 children with severe multiple handicaps. For both children, negative reinforcement (escape from grooming activities) was determined to be the maintaining reinforcer for self-injury (hand/arm biting) within an alternating treatments design. The treatment packages involved the use of negative reinforcement (brief escape from grooming activities) contingent upon a behavior that was incompatible with self-injury (reaching and pressing a microswitch that activated a prerecorded message of “stop”). Treatment was evaluated with a reversal design for 1 child and with a multiple baseline across grooming activities for the 2nd child. The treatment led to a marked decrease in self-injury for both children. At follow-up, high rates of self-injury were reported for the 1st child, but low rates of self-injury and an increase in task-related appropriate behavior were observed for the 2nd child. 相似文献
993.
Gary R. Bond Thomas F. Witheridge Jerry Dincin Daniel Wasmer James Webb Rebecca De Graaf-Kaser 《American journal of community psychology》1990,18(6):865-891
Evaluated a large-city adaptation of the assertive community treatment (ACT) model (Stein & Test, 1980). Outcomes were examined after 1 year for 82 clients, averaging over 17 lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations, randomly assigned either to ACT or to a drop-in (DI) center. After 1 year, 76% of the ACT clients and only 7% of DI clients were involved in the respective programs. The ACT team averaged 2 home and community visits per week to each client. ACT clients averaged significantly fewer state hospital admissions and state hospital days than did DI clients. ACT clients reported greater satisfaction with program services, fewer contacts with the police, and less difficulty with practical problems associated with psychiatric readmission. More ACT clients were known to have stable community housing. Annual per-client treatment costs for ACT were estimated to be $1,500 less than for DI. 相似文献
994.
WORK MOTIVATION AND SATISFACTION: Light at the End of the Tunnel 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
995.
Choice of units of analysis is a critical problem in evaluating environmental assessment items. The “Ecological Fallacy” involves
interpreting results based on ecological entities, such as environmental settings, as applying to individuals. A less familiar
error, the “Individual Differences Fallacy,” involves interpreting results based on individuals as applying to settings. Although
this second error has been ubiquitous, little is known about the empirical consequences of using different units of analysis
in item analysis. This study examined this issue when the units were (1) individuals, (2) observed settings, or (3) “artificial”
or random settings. Neither item validities based on individuals nor item validities based on settings yielded unequivocal
results. However, a measure developed specifically for environmental research, the Split-Sample Correlation, appeared useful
for identifying environmental items. Researchers constructing environmental assessment scales should select items with both
high Split-Sample Correlations and high setting-level item validities. 相似文献
996.
Carol A. E. Nickerson Gary H. McClelland Doreen M. Petersen 《Behavior research methods》1990,22(4):360-374
Methodological problems encountered in implementing conjoint analysis include (1) the impractically large set of multiattribute choice alternatives created by the factorial combination of more than a few attributes, (2) the hypothetical nature of the alternatives in the choice set, and (3) the assumption that each individual’s preferences can be described by the same composition rule. The techniques of tailoring, belief matching, and axiom testing are suggested as solutions to these problems, and their use is demonstrated in a conjoint analysis study of individuals’ contraceptive preferences. It is noted that tailoring and belief matching can also be used as methodological enhancements in functional measurement studies. 相似文献
997.
Gary M. Pace Brian A. Iwata Glynnis L. Edwards Kay C. McCosh 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1986,19(4):381-389
We conducted several manipulations of mechanical restraint properties during the course of treatment for two profoundly retarded adolescents who exhibited both self-restraint and self-injurious behavior. In study 1, a combination of prompting, differential reinforcement, and stimulus fading reduced one subject's self-restraint, which consisted of holding rigid tubes on his arms. Subsequently, stimulus control of both self-restraint and self-injurious behavior was transferred to tennis wrist bands. In study 2, a second subject's self-restraint—placing his hands in his pants—was immediately eliminated by the use of air splints. Additionally, differential reinforcement and air-pressure fading resulted in the complete mobility of his arms and a substantial increase in appropriate behaviors. Results of this investigation suggest that stimulus fading and transfer may be valuable components in the elimination of self-restraint. 相似文献
998.
Mark D. Rapport Susan B. Tucker George J. DuPaul Michele Merlo Gary Stoner 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1986,14(2):191-204
This study examined the differential effects of frustration on normal children and those diagnosed as having Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. Each group consisted of 16 boys between the ages of 6 and 8 years who were prematched for age, grade, and classroom placement. All children completed a series of arithmetic problems in order to earn toy rewards. Using a variant of Mischel's (1974) delay-of-gratification paradigm, children were presented with two choice-of-delay conditions in a randomly assigned, counterbalanced sequence: a free-choice conflict situation involving a long-passive or short-active reward delay, and a short-active delay. Results showed that a significantly greater proportion of hyperactive children chose to complete problems for an immediate reward compared to their normal control counterparts (p less than .01). Group differences were no longer apparent in the short-active delay trial. The results are discussed in terms of frustration tolerance and contributing factors such as cognitive-attentional style. Implications for treatment and future directions are delineated. 相似文献
999.
PERCEIVING THE MALE VERSUS THE FEMALE FACE 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study of the perceptual processes in rating the good-lookingness of male compared to female faces finds that more refined distinctions and discriminations, more extreme positive and negative ratings, and more consensus occur for female than for male faces. Facial expression (e.g., smiling) affects the rating of female more than male faces, The results uniformly support the view that facial appearance is a more heavily weighted element in the response to women than to men. 相似文献
1000.
Suggesting that the hospital can be understood as a metaphor for human existence, a pastoral method is developed as response to the issues of chaos, contingency, powerlessness, finitude, and vulnerability. Clinical examples are cited and evaluated from the perspectives of pastoral and biblical theology. 相似文献