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141.
Harry F Silberman 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1974,5(2):261-268
Data were collected from 1016 students in grades 9–14 from 50 work education programs. Data were also collected from 696 similar students who held part-time jobs but were not participating in work education programs. Participating students were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than were the nonparticipating students. Group atmosphere, availability of adult role models, meaningfulness of work roles, and availability of feedback accounted for much of the variation in job satisfaction among students. 相似文献
142.
Published research employing the Hudson Test is critically examined, leading to the conclusion that differences in methods and procedures make direct comparisons of the outcome of different studies inappropriate. Some limitations of the test itself are pointed out, in particular the ignoring of chance expectations, failure to exclude the operation of response sets, and ambiguities about the scoring. Tentative generalizations emerging from previous research are summarized, and the object of the study is to verify them. A newly developed test of three-dimensional perception is described, which also consists of pictures but requires less reliance upon verbal instructions. Samples of 60 Scottish and 60 Ghanaian primary school children in classes 2, 4 and 6 were tested with both the Hudson and the new test. While results still indicated a significant cultural difference in the performance on both tests, Ghanaian children experienced much less difficulty with the new test and the gap between them and Scottish children was relatively small as compared with the Hudson Test result. It is concluded that measured ability to perceive pictorial depth is in considerable part a function of the specific method used for assessment, and that African shortcomings with regard to this ability have probably been exaggerated in the past. 相似文献
143.
Instruments, designed to assess values which affect the motivation to work and aspiration levels, were administered to over 600 Negro male seniors in Texas high schools. Results indicate that the degree and duration of school desegregation these students have experienced, ranging from less than 1 to more than 5 years, have had little effect on work values and occupational aspirations. 相似文献
144.
Mauk Mulder Peter Veen Claes Rodenburg Jos Frenken Harry Tielens 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1973,9(2):87-96
An experiment and a replication were conducted, testing the hypothesis that the smaller the actual power distance between a subject and a more powerful other, the stronger the tendency to reduce the power distance between them. Power distance was created by placing the subject in a group of three people plus a supervisor. In the condition of large power distance, the three workers had identical functions. Small power distance was induced by placing the subject at an intermediary power level, above the two workers, but below the supervisor. Two other conditions of small power distance were manipulated in order to assess the effects of the timing of power promotion and the perception of the promotion as caused by the subject's task competence. During the course of the experiment, the supervisor left unexpectedly and the subject had the option of taking over the supervisory role or letting one of his co-workers assume it. In the first experiment, subjects who were at a large power distance chose to replace the supervisor significantly less frequently than subjects in the three small power-distance conditions. The small power-distance conditions did not differ from each other. The replication with two small power-distances conditions produced the same results. Both experiments took place in a natural setting. 相似文献
145.
The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate that goal setting varies with happy/sad mood-induced states in young children. In turn, on the basis of current Goal Setting Theory, it was predicted that goal level mediates the child's subsequent performance. Young children were assigned randomly to either happy or sad mood induction states, were asked to set their own goals, and then performed the task. In light of the findings, mood state was manipulated effectively in the children, with the following result: A happy mood state produced a significantly higher goal and superior performance than a sad mood state. However, no strong evidence was provided for the notion that goal setting mediated the impact of mood induction upon performance. The developmental implication of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
146.
Kirk Heilbrun William S. Bennett James H. Evans Richard A. Offutt Harry J. Reiff Adam J. White 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1988,6(4):479-486
The assessment of treatability in mentally disordered offenders has rarely been addressed through empirical research, despite its frequent use in clinical and legal decision-making. We describe four necessary steps for establishing the requisite research base for treatability evaluations: (a) criterion specification, (b) the development of reliable measures, (c) the validation of these measures with treatment outcome data, and (d) the incorporation of environmental and base rate information. 相似文献
147.
Popplestone John A. Lichtenstein Parker E. Hoppe Richard B. Mahan Harry C. Valsiner Jaan 《The Psychological record》1987,37(1):135-143
The Psychological Record - 相似文献
148.
Catherine T. Best Harry Hoffman Bradley B. Glanville 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1982,31(1):75-85
Groups of 2-, 3-, and 4-month olds were tested for dichotic ear differences in memory-based phonetic and music timbre discriminations. A right-ear advantage for speech and a left-ear advantage (LEA) for music were found in the 3- and 4-month-olds. However, the 2-month-olds showed only the music LEA, with no reliable evidence of memory-based speech discrimination by either hemisphere. Thus, the responses of all groups to speech contrasts were different from those to music contrasts, but the pattern of the response dichotomy in the youngest group deviated from that found in the older infants. It is suggested that the quality or use of lefthemisphere phonetic memory may change between 2 and 3 months, and that the engagement of right-hemisphere specialized memory for musical timbre may precede that for left-hemisphere phonetic memory. Several directions for future research are suggested to determine whether infant short-term memory asymmetries for speech and music are attributable to acoustic factors, to different modes or strategies in perception, or to structural and dynamic properties of natural sound sources. 相似文献
149.
Past research has found a self-defensive bias in males and a self-derogatory bias in female achievement attributions. Dispositional explanations for these differences were examined in the present study. Subjects completed measures of Need for Achievement, Self-Esteem, Fear of Success, Attitudes Toward Women, and Androgyny. They later competed in same- or mixed-sex pairs on an anagram task which was prearranged in difficulty so that one subject clearly defeated his/her partner. Consistent with past research, males were more likely to attribute their outcomes to ability, and less likely to attribute their outcomes to effort and luck, than were females. Achievement motivation was the most consistently successful predictor of these sex differences. 相似文献
150.
Transfer of conditioned appetitive stimuli to conditioned aversive excitatory and inhibitory stimuli
The transfer of Pavlovian appetitive stimuli to Pavlovian aversive stimuli was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, rats received appetitive (Ap) conditioning designed to establish a flashing-light stimulus as either a CS+, CSo, or CS? for food, or to maintain it as a novel stimulus for US-alone subjects. Then, the stimulus was employed as a signal for weak shock in conditioned-emotional-response (CER) training. Both acquisition and extinction results showed that the ApCS+ facilitated and the ApCS? retarded aversive excitatory conditioning relative to the ApCSo and US-alone controls. Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1 with both a moderate and a severe shock in CER training. In Experiment 3, different groups received the same appetitive conditioning as before, but to a flashing-light stimulus which was then employed as a signal for no shock in CER training. The ApCS? facilitated and the ApCS+ retarded aversive inhibitory conditioning relative to ApCSo and US-alone controls. Collectively, these findings establish that, in Pavlovian conditioning, transfer of an appetitive CS to an aversive excitor or inhibitor is facilitated by maintaining the initial conditioning contingency. 相似文献