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111.
This study investigated the extent to which personality variables can be used to discriminate non-Jewish heroes of the Holocaust from bystanders and from a comparison group of prewar European immigrants who left their countries of origin prior to World War II. Eighty verified rescuers, 73 bystanders, and 43 immigrants were administered measures of locus of control, autonomy, risk taking, social responsibility, tolerance/authoritarianism, empathy, and altruistic moral reasoning. A three-group discriminant function analysis was able to correctly classify 80.2% of the sample by a combination of personality and demographic variables. When the bystanders and immigrants, who differed very little from each other, were grouped together and compared to the rescuers, the personality variables alone correctly classified 93.1% of the sample. Implications regarding the relationship between personality and altruistic behavior, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
112.
The present study examined the flexibility with which people can adopt different category schemes in the spatial domain. In
a location memory task, participants viewed and estimated the locations of four kinds of objects that were spatially grouped
by object identity. This identity-based arrangement was either congruent or incongruent with the perceptually based, geometric
categories that have been reported in previous research. Four experiments examined the conditions under which these different
category schemes are used to inform estimates of locations. The results showed that use of identity information depended on
the number of objects to be remembered during a trial: When one or two objects were remembered at a time, only geometric categories
affected estimates, but when four objects were to be remembered, both geometric categories and identity groupings affected
estimates. As memory load increases, participants rely on additional sources to inform their estimates of location. 相似文献
113.
114.
Peter Jones 《Res Publica》2011,17(1):75-90
An objection frequently brought against critical or satirical expressions, especially when these target religions, is that
they are ‘offensive’. In this article, I indicate why the existence of diverse and conflicting beliefs gives people an incentive
to formulate their complaints in the language of offence. But I also cast doubt on whether people, in saying they are offended
really mean to present that as the foundation of their complaint and, if they do, whether their complaint should weigh with
us. These doubts do not apply to everything we might find offensive; in particular, they do not apply to simple cases of ‘sensory
offence’; but they do apply to ‘belief-based offence’. Relying on offence also implies, inequitably, that different faiths
should be differently protected depending on their susceptibility to offence; and the faithful themselves should worry about
the flimsiness of claims based on ‘bare knowledge’ offence. I propose a principle of respect for beliefs as a differently
grounded and more plausible reason for curbing our treatment of others’ beliefs. However, that principle has a limited compass
and is hemmed in by the claims of free expression. It is also less suited to dictating the content of law than to influencing
our conduct within the law. 相似文献
115.
116.
Among our most fundamental capacities are those that allow us to perceive, categorize and name objects. Recently, controversy has surrounded the question of how young children learn names for objects, in particular, the relative roles of perception and higher-level world knowledge. It is well known that adults depend strongly on conceptual knowledge in a variety of categorization tasks, including object naming. We argue, however, that perception may play a special role in early object naming and, in particular, that certain kinds of world knowledge known to guide adult naming may come to guide naming only rather late in development. Building early mechanisms of naming on a perceptual foundation that may be encapsulated, and thus shut off from more reflective processes, may explain in part why young children can easily and rapidly learn names for things from the adults around them, despite the fact that adults and children may possess very different conceptual organizations. 相似文献
117.
118.
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120.
Francine Conway Carol Magai Carolyn Springer Samuel C. Jones 《Journal of research in personality》2008
This study examines the role of personality in predicting psychological and physical health among grandmothers who are coping with a non-normative non-traumatic stressor, i.e. serving as primary caregivers for their grandchildren. Using the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), a measure of personality disposition, we examine the contributions of both optimism and pessimism to health outcomes. ANOVAs and regression analyses of the LOT-R and self reports of health in 67 African American and Latino grandmothers revealed psychological (obsessive compulsive symptoms, depression, hostility) and physical (sleep disorder, hypertension) health outcomes are differentially predicted by optimism and pessimism among older and younger age-groups of grandmothers. Implications for grandmothers’ response to caregiving stress and for future studies of personality’s relation to health are discussed. 相似文献