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101.
This study examined differences in preschoolers' ratings of anti-fat bias and identification of current body size depending on the realism of the figure array used: computer generated line-drawn or photographic. Children reported strong anti-fat bias with both arrays. However, less extreme bias was elicited with the photographic figure array. In addition, children were inaccurate reporters of their current body size when both figure arrays were used. However, children were consistent in their selection of figures that were thinner than their actual body size. Children's consistent selection of thinner figures as representative of their current body size may be an additional indicator of anti-fat bias. Overall, these results suggest that some of the anti-fat bias observed in preschoolers is attributable to less realistic figure arrays. Therefore, photographic figure arrays are proposed as a better measurement tool in the assessment of anti-fat bias in preschoolers. 相似文献
102.
103.
Douglas K. Snyder Molly F. Gasbarrini Brian D. Doss David M. Scheider 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2011,41(4):201-208
Both the prevalence and adverse impact of infidelity argue for the importance of disseminating evidence-based interventions
for couples struggling with this highly disruptive event. We describe an integrative approach for promoting recovery from
infidelity drawing on empirically supported treatments for couple distress as well as empirical literature regarding recovery
from interpersonal trauma and recovery from relationship injuries. We then describe a structured 8 session adaptation of this
protocol tailored to military couples struggling with issues of infidelity. Reaching these high-risk couples requires extending
both the availability and efficacy of services delivered by professionals within the military from diverse disciplines. We
present initial findings indicating that US Army chaplains receiving training in this structured protocol not only can learn
information regarding the conceptual underpinnings and specific interventions comprising this treatment, but also can apply
it appropriately in analog clinical situations. We conclude with suggestions for extending dissemination efforts to reduce
acute adverse consequences experienced by service members and their partners experiencing infidelity. 相似文献
104.
Two studies tested the effect of humor, embedded in learning materials, on task interest. College student participants (N
Study 1 = 359, N
Study 2 = 172) learned a new math technique with the presence or absence of humor in the learning program and/or test instructions.
Individual interest in math was measured initially and also tested as a factor. The results showed that the effect of humor
in the learning program depended on individual interest in math. Humor raised task interest for those with low individual
interest in math but slightly lowered task interest for those with high individual interest in math. Mediating variables of
this effect were tested across both studies. Although the mediating variables showed inconsistency, humor may affect task
interest through affective responses immediately following the instruction, rather than in subsequent interaction with the
task. 相似文献
105.
In motor tasks, subgroups of lefthanders have been shown to differ in the distribution of attention about their own bodies. The present experiment examined whether similar attentional biases also apply when processing observed bodies. Sixteen right handers (RHs), 22 consistent left handers (CLHs) and 11 relatively ambidextrous inconsistent left handers (ILHs) performed an own body transformation task in which they were instructed to make speeded left–right judgements about a schematic human figure. Attentional biases associated with handedness were found to extend to observed bodies: CLHs’ judgements were faster to the figure’s left side, while ILHs, like RHs, showed facilitated performance to the figure’s right side. These results demonstrate a novel embodiment effect whereby the processing of a static schematic human figure is modulated by an individual’s personal motor capabilities. This finding suggests that motor simulation may contribute to whole body perception in the absence of actual or implied actions. 相似文献
106.
Terry S. Falcomata Linda J. Cooper-Brown David P. Wacker Andrew W. Gardner Eric W. Boelter 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2010,19(4):257-272
We conducted an assessment of self-control and impulsivity with 9 children referred to an outpatient clinic for impulsive,
inattentive, and hyperactive behaviors. Each condition of the assessment consisted of a choice between 2 concurrently presented
math or writing tasks, with 1 alternative reflecting impulsive responding and 1 alternative reflecting self-control. For the
participants who demonstrated impulsive responding in 1 of 2 baseline conditions, we systematically varied reinforcer quality,
delay to reinforcement, and response effort to evaluate the effects of these dimensions on the participants’ choices. Results
of the assessment revealed that 3 participants displayed self-control responding, and 6 participants displayed impulsive responding
during baseline conditions. Of the participants who displayed initial impulsivity, all showed self-control when 1 or more
response or reinforcement dimensions were modified to bias responding within a brief multielement design. Results provide
a unique application of concurrent schedules for conducting a brief assessment of impulsive responding in an outpatient clinical
setting. 相似文献
107.
Crockett MJ Clark L Lieberman MD Tabibnia G Robbins TW 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2010,10(6):855-862
Human cooperation may partly depend on the presence of individuals willing to incur personal costs to punish noncooperators. The psychological factors that motivate such 'altruistic punishment' are not fully understood; some have argued that altruistic punishment is a deliberate act of norm enforcement that requires self-control, while others claim that it is an impulsive act driven primarily by emotion. In the current study, we addressed this question by examining the relationship between impulsive choice and altruistic punishment in the ultimatum game. As the neurotransmitter serotonin has been implicated in both impulsive choice and altruistic punishment, we investigated the effects of manipulating serotonin on both measures. Across individuals, impulsive choice and altruistic punishment were correlated and increased following serotonin depletion. These findings imply that altruistic punishment reflects the absence rather than the presence of self control, and suggest that impulsive choice and altruistic punishment share common neural mechanisms. 相似文献
108.
Jaclyn A. Nelson Miriam Liss Mindy J. Erchull Molly M. Hurt Laura R. Ramsey Dixie L. Turner Megan E. Haines 《Sex roles》2008,58(9-10):721-728
The present study sought to explore how women's life experiences influenced their beliefs, and how those beliefs in turn influenced feminist self-identification. Additionally, we sought to determine whether feminist self-identification led to increased collective action on behalf of women. Female participants (N?=?282) from two US college campuses and online listservs completed an online survey assessing feminist self-identification, collective action, and life experiences. Conservative, liberal, and radical beliefs were assessed as were evaluations of feminists. A structural equation model was used to explore these relationships; life experiences were found to influence women's beliefs, which in turn influenced feminist self-identification, which influenced collective action. We found that life experiences may serve as a catalyst for both feminist self-identification and collective action. 相似文献
109.
Connell A Bullock BM Dishion TJ Shaw D Wilson M Gardner F 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1211-1225
This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in early emotional and behavioral problems in children
age 2 to 4 years resulting from participation in a family-centered intervention. A sample of 731 economically disadvantaged
families was recruited from among participants in a national food supplement and nutrition program. Families with toddlers
between age 2 and 3 were randomized either to the Family Check-Up (FCU) or to a nonintervention control group. The FCU’s linked
interventions were tailored to each family’s needs. Assessments occurred at age 2, 3, and 4. The FCU followed age 2 and age
3 assessments. Latent class analyses were conducted on mother reports of behavior and emotional problems from age 2 to 4 to
study transitions among the following four groups: (a) externalizing only, (b) internalizing only, (c) comorbid internalizing
and externalizing, and (d) normative. LTA results revealed that participation in the FCU increased the likelihood of transitioning
from either the comorbid or the internalizing class into the normative class by age 4. These results suggest family interventions
in early childhood can potentially disrupt the early emergence of both emotional and behavioral problems. 相似文献
110.
This study sought to provide a more rigorous prospective test of two cognitive vulnerability models of depression with longitudinal data from 496 adolescent girls. Results supported the cognitive vulnerability model in that stressors predicted future increases in depressive symptoms and onset of clinically significant major depression for individuals with a negative attributional style, but not for those with a positive attributional style, although these effects were small. This model appeared to be specific to depression, in that it did not predict future increases in bulimia nervosa or substance abuse symptoms. In contrast, results did not support the integrated cognitive vulnerability self-esteem model that asserts stressors should only predict increased depression for individuals with a confluence of negative attributional style and low self-esteem, and this model did not appear to be specific to depression. 相似文献