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In motor tasks, subgroups of lefthanders have been shown to differ in the distribution of attention about their own bodies. The present experiment examined whether similar attentional biases also apply when processing observed bodies. Sixteen right handers (RHs), 22 consistent left handers (CLHs) and 11 relatively ambidextrous inconsistent left handers (ILHs) performed an own body transformation task in which they were instructed to make speeded left–right judgements about a schematic human figure. Attentional biases associated with handedness were found to extend to observed bodies: CLHs’ judgements were faster to the figure’s left side, while ILHs, like RHs, showed facilitated performance to the figure’s right side. These results demonstrate a novel embodiment effect whereby the processing of a static schematic human figure is modulated by an individual’s personal motor capabilities. This finding suggests that motor simulation may contribute to whole body perception in the absence of actual or implied actions. 相似文献
64.
Terry S. Falcomata Linda J. Cooper-Brown David P. Wacker Andrew W. Gardner Eric W. Boelter 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2010,19(4):257-272
We conducted an assessment of self-control and impulsivity with 9 children referred to an outpatient clinic for impulsive,
inattentive, and hyperactive behaviors. Each condition of the assessment consisted of a choice between 2 concurrently presented
math or writing tasks, with 1 alternative reflecting impulsive responding and 1 alternative reflecting self-control. For the
participants who demonstrated impulsive responding in 1 of 2 baseline conditions, we systematically varied reinforcer quality,
delay to reinforcement, and response effort to evaluate the effects of these dimensions on the participants’ choices. Results
of the assessment revealed that 3 participants displayed self-control responding, and 6 participants displayed impulsive responding
during baseline conditions. Of the participants who displayed initial impulsivity, all showed self-control when 1 or more
response or reinforcement dimensions were modified to bias responding within a brief multielement design. Results provide
a unique application of concurrent schedules for conducting a brief assessment of impulsive responding in an outpatient clinical
setting. 相似文献
65.
Connell A Bullock BM Dishion TJ Shaw D Wilson M Gardner F 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1211-1225
This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in early emotional and behavioral problems in children
age 2 to 4 years resulting from participation in a family-centered intervention. A sample of 731 economically disadvantaged
families was recruited from among participants in a national food supplement and nutrition program. Families with toddlers
between age 2 and 3 were randomized either to the Family Check-Up (FCU) or to a nonintervention control group. The FCU’s linked
interventions were tailored to each family’s needs. Assessments occurred at age 2, 3, and 4. The FCU followed age 2 and age
3 assessments. Latent class analyses were conducted on mother reports of behavior and emotional problems from age 2 to 4 to
study transitions among the following four groups: (a) externalizing only, (b) internalizing only, (c) comorbid internalizing
and externalizing, and (d) normative. LTA results revealed that participation in the FCU increased the likelihood of transitioning
from either the comorbid or the internalizing class into the normative class by age 4. These results suggest family interventions
in early childhood can potentially disrupt the early emergence of both emotional and behavioral problems. 相似文献
66.
Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, the authors examined relations between educational, civic, and occupational success in young adulthood and the duration and intensity of participation in organized activities during high school. They also examined these relations as a function of sponsorship (i.e., school- vs. community-sponsored organized activities). They found that youths who participated in organized activities for 2 years demonstrated more favorable educational and civic outcomes in young adulthood than those who participated for 1 year. More intensive participation was also associated with greater educational, civic, and occupational success in young adulthood--particularly among youths who participated in activities for 2 years. Educational attainment often mediated the relations between temporal measures of participation and young adult civic and occupational outcomes. With the exception of analyses examining occupational success, findings varied little as a function of sponsorship. Of note, analyses revealed that both temporal measures of participation were positively associated with young adult outcomes as many as 8 years after high school. 相似文献
67.
Kimberly C Kirby MaryLouise E Kerwin Carolyn M Carpenedo Beth J Rosenwasser Robert S Gardner 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2008,41(4):579-595
Contingency management (CM) for drug abstinence has been applied to individuals independently even when delivered in groups. We developed a group CM intervention in which the behavior of a single, randomly selected, anonymous individual determined reinforcement delivery for the entire group. We also compared contingencies placed only on cocaine abstinence (CA) versus one of four behaviors (CA, treatment attendance, group CM attendance, and methadone compliance) selected randomly at each drawing. Two groups were formed with 22 cocaine-dependent community-based methadone patients and exposed to both CA and multiple behavior (MB) conditions in a reversal design counterbalanced across groups for exposure order. The group CM intervention proved feasible and safe. The MB condition improved group CM meeting attendance relative to the CA condition. 相似文献
68.
69.
Dean Cleavenger William L. Gardner Ketan Mhatre 《Journal of business and psychology》2007,21(3):331-359
This study explores the effects of task interdependence (high versus low) and helping norms (supportive versus non-supportive)
on propensity to seek help. Participants were most likely to seek help when: (1) task interdependence was high, and (2) supportive
help-seeking norms were operative. A 2-way interaction also emerged. Under the non-supportive norms condition, help-seeking
was greatest for high versus low levels of task interdependence; when supportive norms were operative, relatively high levels
of help-seeking arose across task interdependence conditions. No support for the hypotheses that high self-esteem, high task
specific self-efficacy, and low achievement motivation would increase help-seeking was obtained. 相似文献
70.
Carolyn E Cutrona Philip A Shaffer Kristin A Wesner Kelli A Gardner 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(4):754-758
Partner sensitivity is an important antecedent of both intimacy (H. T. Reis & P. Shaver, 1988) and attachment (M. D. S. Ainsworth, 1989). On the basis of the optimal matching model of social support (C. E. Cutrona & D. Russell, 1990), support behaviors that "matched" the support goals of the stressed individual were predicted to lead to the perception of partner sensitivity. Predictions were tested with 59 married couples, who engaged in a videotaped self-disclosure task. Matching support was defined as the disclosure of emotions followed by emotional support or a request for information followed by informational support. Partial evidence was found for the predictions. Matching support following the disclosure of emotions was predictive of perceived partner sensitivity. Mismatched support following the disclosure of emotions predicted lower marital satisfaction, through the mediation of partner sensitivity. Matching support following a request for information was not predictive of perceived partner sensitivity, but negative partner responses (e.g., criticism or sarcasm) following a request for information negatively predicted perceptions of partner sensitivity. The importance of considering the context of support transactions is discussed. 相似文献