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Jaak Panksepp Thomas Fuchs Victor Abella Garcia Adam Lesiak 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2007,2(1):32-11
Recent neuroscientific evidence brings into question the conclusion that all aspects of consciousness are gone in patients
who have descended into a persistent vegetative state (PVS). Here we summarize the evidence from human brain imaging as well
as neurological damage in animals and humans suggesting that some form of consciousness can survive brain damage that commonly
causes PVS. We also raise the issue that neuroscientific evidence indicates that raw emotional feelings (primary-process affects)
can exist without any cognitive awareness of those feelings. Likewise, the basic brain mechanisms for thirst and hunger exist
in brain regions typically not damaged by PVS. If affective feelings can exist without cognitive awareness of those feelings,
then it is possible that the instinctual emotional actions and pain "reflexes" often exhibited by PVS patients may indicate
some level of mentality remaining in PVS patients. Indeed, it is possible such raw affective feelings are intensified when
PVS patients are removed from life-supports. They may still experience a variety of primary-process affective states that
could constitute forms of suffering. If so, withdrawal of life-support may violate the principle of nonmaleficence and be
tantamount to inflicting inadvertent "cruel and unusual punishment" on patients whose potential distress, during the process
of dying, needs to be considered in ethical decision-making about how such individuals should be treated, especially when
their lives are ended by termination of life-supports. Medical wisdom may dictate the use of more rapid pharmacological forms
of euthanasia that minimize distress than the de facto euthanasia of life-support termination that may lead to excruciating feelings of pure thirst and other negative affective
feelings in the absence of any reflective awareness. 相似文献
284.
Ernest S. Graham Donald N. Farrer H. Crook Paul V. Garcia 《Behavior research methods》1970,2(6):301-305
A visual acuity testing procedure is described which uses a self-adjustment procedure combined with shock avoidance and punishment. The S adjusts the size of the gap opening in Landolt rings by pressing levers. Correct trials decrease the size of the gap opening and are followed by a tone; incorrect trials increase the size of the gap opening and are followed by shock. The number of correct and incorrect trials needed to change the gap-opening size can be varied. 相似文献
285.
Hill Heather M. Manitzas Guarino Sara Yeater Deirdre White Chris Kolodziej Katie Ali Syed Nafis Shadman Lamia Sanjana Garcia Emily Dear Megan Halter Emma R. Bradley Madison 《Animal cognition》2023,26(2):667-686
Animal Cognition - The investigation of individual responses to unexpected stimuli or outcomes provides insights into basic cognitive processes, such as mental representations, emotional states of... 相似文献
286.
Many studies have documented the links between dimensions of religiousness with mental health (e.g., Hackney and Sanders 2003; Mofidi et al. 2006). However, very little is known about whether these links differ across ethnic groups. This study examined the contribution of dimensions of religiousness to the prediction of mental health in an ethnically diverse sample of 413 college students (167 European Americans, 83 African Americans, 81 Asian Americans, and 82 Latino Americans). Results indicated significant ethnic differences across dimensions of religiousness. African Americans were significantly higher on religious engagement and religious conservatism than the other ethnic groups and significantly lower on religious struggle than European Americans. Moderated multiple regressions revealed that increases in religious struggle was associated with poorer mental health for African Americans and Latino Americans, while increases in religious engagement and ecumenical worldview were associated with better mental health for African Americans. The findings indicate that ethnicity is an important factor to consider when examining the link between religiousness and mental health. 相似文献
287.
Behavioral treatment of children's fears: a review. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
288.
Loving-kindness meditation (LKM), a meditative practice directing caring feelings toward self and others, is a popular, evidence-base approach to increasing well-being. Music listening is also a popular form of emotion regulation used to enhance well-being. This interdisciplinary study evaluated a novel intervention called Convergence—combining LKM with accompanying classical guitar music—and its effects on adults’ well-being, mindfulness, compassion and self-compassion outcomes. Convergence was compared to active control groups LKM-only and Music-only regarding their relative effectiveness in improving these outcomes. Participants (N?=?78; aged 18 to 69?years; 90% females; recruited from the general public) were assigned to either the Convergence, LKM-only, or Music-only condition. Each condition received a 2-hour workshop, involving psychoeducation, three prerecorded meditations, and group enquiry and discussion. Participants were assessed at pre-program, post-program, and 4-week follow-up. Findings revealed that Convergence, LKM-only and Music-only were equally effective interventions, producing improvements in dependent variables with small effect sizes. There was no additive effect of the components when delivered together as Convergence. Significant correlations were found between the amount of home practice, and mindfulness and self-compassion at follow-up. LKM, music listening and Convergence all provide brief, evidence-based alternatives for improving well-being. Practical and theoretical implications are provided, as well as recommendations for future research. 相似文献
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Social Psychology of Education - African Americans and other ethnic minorities are severely underrepresented in both graduate education and among the professoriate in ecology and evolutionary... 相似文献