Portuguese Validation of FACES-IV in Adult Children Caregivers Facing Parental Cancer

The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FACES-IV in Portuguese caregivers of cancer patients. In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 214 adult children caregivers of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, completed FACES-IV, Family Communication Scale (FCS), Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS), and Satisfaction with Social Support Scale (SSSS). Internal consistencies above .70 were found for all FACES-IV scales, except for Enmeshed and Rigid scales, as well as for the FCS, FSS, and SSSS (except for Intimacy). Strong correlations between FACES-IV and the validation scales FCS and FSS were found except for the Enmeshed and Rigid scales. Confirmatory analysis yielded an acceptable model for the six theoretical subscales. The discriminant analysis between problematic and non-problematic family systems showed results similar to the original study. These findings suggest that FACES-IV is a valid measure of family functioning in oncological family caregiving’s contexts.     

Neurological subtle signs and cognitive development: A study in late childhood and adolescence

Introduction and Aim: Neurological subtle signs (NSS) are often observed during the neurological examination of children and tend to disappear with age. Their persistence into late adolescence or young adulthood has been related to psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. To provide a better understanding of their functional basis, a longitudinal correlational study with neurocognitive measurements was performed.

Method: We conducted multiple regression and correlation analyses of NSS with demographic and cognitive measures on a subset of 341 healthy children (56% males), taking part in a longitudinal dental study. Participants, whose ages ranged between 11–15 years, at first evaluation, undertook yearly, during 5 years, a 6-item NSS exam (producing a total score ranging between 0–18) and a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tests. Effects of age, gender, IQ, and 7 neurocognitive factors on NSS were analyzed.

Results: Over the years, NSS scores correlated consistently with selective attention (Stroop test), motor speed (finger tapping), and visuomotor speed (pegboard speed).

Discussion: These results suggest that the disappearance of NSS in late childhood and adolescence occurs primarily in parallel with the development of motor and visuomotor functions and secondarily in relation to higher order functions such as selective attention (Stroop) and executive control (B-A Trails difference).     

On Ratio Measures of Confirmation

There are different Bayesian measures to calculate the degree of confirmation of a hypothesis H in respect of a particular piece of evidence E. Zalabardo (Analysis 69:630–635, 2009) is a recent attempt to defend the likelihood-ratio measure (LR) against the probability-ratio measure (PR). The main disagreement between LR and PR concerns their sensitivity to prior probabilities. Zalabardo invokes intuitive plausibility as the appropriate criterion for choosing between them. Furthermore, he claims that it favours the ordering of pairs evidence/hypothesis generated by LR. We will argue, however, that the intuitive non-numerical example provided by Zalabardo does not show that prior probabilities do not affect the degree of confirmation. On account of this, we conclude that there is no compelling reason to endorse LR qua measure of degree of confirmation. On the other side, we should not forget some technicalities which still benefit PR.     

Parenting and the dysregulation profile predict executive functioning in children with acquired brain injury

Background: Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) present with high rates of psychological disorders commonly accompanied by deficits in hot and cold executive functions (EFs). Impairments in EFs have been reported to precede mental health problems. Moreover, children who are vulnerable to developing mental health problems in adulthood frequently present with a dysregulation profile in childhood, characterized by impairments in cognitive, behavioral and emotional regulation. Objective: To identify profiles of behaviors associated with impairment in hot and cold EFs and compare injury factors, environmental stressors and dysregulation profile between them. Methods: A latent profile analysis was conducted with 77 children with ABI aged between 6 and 12. Injury factors, child IQ, environmental stressors and the dysregulation profile were compared between these behavioral profiles. Logistic regressions were conducted to predict profile membership. Results: Two profiles were identified: Profile M, with mild deficits (1–2 SD above the mean) in working memory and social skills, and profile C, presenting clinically significant deficits (2–3 SD above the mean) in shift, initiate, working memory, planning and social skills and mild deficits in inhibit, emotional control and task monitor. Proximal environmental stressors (dysfunctional parenting practices, parental stress, parent’s executive dysfunction, anxiety-trait, and depressive symptoms) and dysregulation symptoms predicted profile membership, whereas injury factors, child IQ and distal environmental stressors did not. Conclusion: Following ABI, children with profile C are at risk of mental health problems and present with more proximal stressors. The dysregulation profile may be useful as a proxy for risk for later mental health problems in children with ABI.     

Energy contributions in the martensitic transformation of shape-memory alloys

Abstract

The thermoelastic martensitic transformation in shape-memory alloys is studied thermodynamically. Calorimetric experiments on the Cu─Zn─A1 alloy system reveal that the transformation takes place with a practically negligible entropy production. The usual hysteretic subloop behaviour during partial cycling is obtained for the first time by calorimetry. An analysis of the measurements gives the quantitative behaviour of elastic and dissipative energies with the volume fraction of martensite.     

Interfacial waves between two piezoelectric half-spaces with electro-mechanical imperfect interface

We study the propagation of shear horizontal waves between the interface of two piezoelectric materials with an electro-mechanical imperfect contact. Mechanical and electrical imperfections are modeled by means of a spring and a capacitor, respectively. The corresponding mathematical expressions for the imperfect contact are given in this article. The system of differential equations for the waves in the considered half-space is derived and the associate solutions are found. A general expression for the dispersion relation, not reported previously in the literature, is given in an explicit form, with the diverse limit cases analyzed in detail. In some of these limit cases, new expressions are also obtained, which predict the existence of interfacial waves. In the other cases, where already reported results exist, a comparison with them is done. Some physical interpretations are derived from the limit cases. The influence of mechanical and electrical imperfect contacts are shown in some numerical examples.     

Reanalysis of Eysenck’s,Gray’s,and Zuckerman’s structural trait models based on a new measure: The Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ)

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships of the dimensions and facets of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ) with other psychobiological personality measures: the EPQ-RS (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised, shortened version), I₇ (Impulsiveness Questionnaire) and SPSRQ-20 (Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire, 20-item version). It is intended to test if findings reported with Zuckerman’s previous instrument (ZK-PQ) about the relationships between the three biologic-factorial personality models are replicated, giving evidence about the validity of the ZKA-PQ. The sample analyzed was of 584 subjects (50.3% men and 49.7% women) from the Spanish general population. Correlational and factor analysis supported the expected relationships between similar constructs assessed by the ZKA-PQ and the other questionnaires based on Eysenck’s and Gray’s personality theories. On the other hand, the inclusion of the facets from the ZKA-PQ improved the validity of the questionnaire. Findings were discussed in the framework of the biological personality models, emphasizing the contribution of the ZKA-PQ to the psychobiological personality research.     

El proceso de envejecimiento: aspectos psicológicos

RESUMEN

En este articulo se revisan los estudios psicológicos sobre el proceso de envejecimiento y se sugiere una forma nueva y más apropiada de acceder y entender al anciano. Para ello comienza constatando que hoy día asistimos a un progresivo envejecimiento de la población en el mudo occidental, reseñando algunos datos demográficos y socio-culturales que sitúan su exposición y reflexión en el marco histórico actual. En su revisión se tartan, entre otras cuestiones, el interes por la tercera edad e imagen negativa de la misma o las relaciones entre la sociedad de consumo y ancianidad, centrando sus críticas en el modelo del deterioro, que justifica con los resultados de diversos estudios experimentales acerca del rendimiento intelectual, condiciones de motivación, capacidad de aprendizaje o modificación de las actitudes psicomotoras, entre otros. A continuación expone tres problemas fundamentales característicos del proceso de envejecimiento (climaterio, jubilación y crisis de identidad) que constribuyen a esclarecer toda la problemática y le permite presentar algunas sugerencias y conclusiones. Entre ellas, destacamos la no valided de la curva generalizada del deterioro y la irrelevancia relativa de la edad cronológica como causa del proceso de envejecimiento, quedando patente el gran número de factores que influyen en él. El autor finaliza resaltando la importancia de una psicología diferencial del proceso de envejecimiento que, tomando en consideración los factores sociales y con una colaboración interdisciplinar, consiga que la población que envejece vivencie la vejez como positiva.     

Entrevista con Joseph R. Royce

RESUMEN

En esta entrevista J. R. Royce reflexiona con J. M^a Prieto acerca de su historial de investigación, las posibilidades de una síntesis teórica en psicología que incluya los aspectos diferenciales, la organización del Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Psicología Teórica que dirige en la Universidad de Alberta y el enfoque de la Teoría de la Individualidad, a la que dedica sus esfuerzos actuales. El autor explica cómo el planteamiento multifactorial original de esta teoría se ha enriquecido con enfoques provenientes de la Teoría General de Sistemas y de la Teoría de los Procesos de la Información y finaliza con algunas cuestiones acerca de la viabilidad de la misma.     

Lenguaje y conducta cognitiva: el papel del lenguaje en la solución de problemas

RESUMEN

El autor comienza definiendo el propósito de su trabajo: ofrecer alguna luz sobre el viejo problema de las relaciones entre pensamiento (o conducta cognitiva) y lenguaje, considerando tanto los datos más relevantes y clásicos como otros provenientes del campo de la solución de problemas y el razonamiento. Para ello aborda, además de las concepciones extremas de Watson y Chomsky, otras hipótesis más recientes también contrapuestas: el relativismo lingüístico y la hipótesis cognitiva fuerte, sostenida, entre otros, por Piaget. Tras describir las teorías de Vygotsky y Luria sobre lenguaje y comportamiento cognitivo, el autor analiza algunas investigaciones que muestran el importante papel del lenguaje egocéntrico en la resolución de problemas. Este trabajo concluye resaltando la hipótesis cognitiva débil y las funciones sociopragmáticas del lenguaje, así como su importancia como herramienta de pensamiento.