Cross-Language Translation Priming Asymmetry with Chinese-English Bilinguals: A Test of the Sense Model

The present study aimed to test the Sense Model of cross-linguistic masked translation priming asymmetry, proposed by Finkbeiner et al. (J Mem Lang 51:1–22, 2004), by manipulating the number of senses that bilingual participants associated with words from both languages. Three lexical decision experiments were conducted with Chinese-English bilinguals. In Experiment 1, polysemous L2 words and their L1 Chinese single-sense translation equivalents were selected as primes and targets. In Experiment 2, single-sense L1 words and their L2 translation equivalents with polysemous senses severed as primes and targets. We found translation priming effects in the L1–L2 direction, but not in the L2–L1 direction. In Experiment 3, presentation time of the L2 priming stimulus was prolonged, and significant translation priming effects were observed in the L2–L1 direction. These findings suggest that the Sense Model does not adequately explain cross-language translation priming asymmetry. The sense numbers of primes and targets, as well as the activation proportion of these senses between them, were possibly not the primary reason for cross-language translation priming asymmetry. The revised hierarchical model (Kroll and Stewart in J Mem Lang 33:149–174, 1994) and the BIA+ model (Dijkstra and van Heuven in Bilingualism Lang Cognit 5:175–197, 2002) better explain the cross-language translation priming asymmetry we found.     

职业决策的策略及其与人-职匹配的关系

职业决策常分三类:理智型、直觉型及依赖型,但直觉型的内容不明。本研究用自编的职业决策问卷(其中直觉型策略细化为三种启发式)对516名近两年做过职业决策者作了调查。结果发现:除理智型策略外,受调查者还较多使用再认、满意化、排除法这三种启发式,较少使用依赖型策略;性别、学历、求职经验不同者使用的策略有不同程度的差异;理智型策略和满意化对人-职匹配有显著预测作用。这提示应合理认识人们使用的多种策略及其不同作用。     

Tresca and von Mises yield criteria: a view from strain space

In this paper, we present a study of Tresca and von Mises criteria in strain space. The plastic strains that can meet these criteria are found analytically for the Tresca criterion and numerically for the von Mises criterion. Such information will be useful for determining the relationship between yield criterion and the lattice structure of a material.     

家庭社会经济地位与学习投入的关系：学业自我 效能的中介作用

采用家庭社会经济地位、学业自我效能与学习投入量表,调查了953名初中生,运用结构方程模型探讨了家庭社会经济地位、学业自我效能与学习投入之间的关系。在控制学生性别、年级,以及先前学习成绩的影响后,结果发现:(1)家庭社会经济地位越高,学生对学习的投入就越多;(2)学业自我效能在家庭社会经济地位与学习投入之间起完全中介作用;(3)在家庭社会经济地位的组成成分与学习投入的关系中,家庭收入可以显著预测学习投入,而父母亲职业、父母亲教育水平对学习投入均无直接预测作用,它们是通过家庭收入的中介作用,再经过学业自我效能而影响学习投入。     

Prenatal SSRI exposure: Effects on later child development

The aim of this review is to integrate research on the pharmacological mechanisms of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the following effects on fetal brain development and child cognitive function seen in children with prenatal exposure to SSRIs. As antidepressants are transferred from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, the fetus is vulnerable to alterations in neurotransmission and possibly altered neural functioning. Because of this risk, pregnant women suffering from depression are often advised to discontinue their use of antidepressants during pregnancy. Though, maternal untreated depression may also have negative consequences for the fetus and child after birth. In the present review, we find a distinction between studies of early versus late development. Studies on early cognitive development indicate no negative effects, while studies on later development report some cognitive difficulties and behavioral problems, indicating latent effects of exposure. However, the reviewed studies are not all converging, and it is not clear whether and to what extent prenatal SSRI exposure affects cognitive development.     

具身的形式灵魂:亚里士多德与梅洛-庞蒂

亚里士多德认为灵魂是特殊的形式,是生命躯体的第一现实性。生命躯体的种种精神能力属于灵魂。它们是生命体作为形式(灵魂)与质料(躯体)的结合体的与身具有的功能活动。形式的灵魂是具身的。但是,形式何以能够从肉身中产生却深深困扰着亚里士多德。梅洛-庞蒂服膺亚里士多德的形式灵魂的思想,但利用现象学的方法改造了亚里士多德的实体属性的灵魂,而把形式视为是神经系统的现象与结构。即形式产生自我们的肉身并构成了行为的结构。行为是具身的行为。     

行政伦理:基于西方一个学科形成的考察

考察西方行政伦理思想的发展轨迹,可以发现:古希腊哲学为行政伦理的产生与发展提供了思想源泉;近代人文主义思想为行政伦理的产生与发展营造了殷实根基;行政学的诞生催生了行政伦理问题的生成;新公共行政运动为行政伦理学的科学论证提供了理论与实践的场域.行政伦理学正是遵循这一发展逻辑,由边缘逐渐走向中心并成为新世纪显学之一.     

垄断企业高管薪酬:不足还是过度?

垄断的"放大效应"使垄断企业业绩对高管努力的敏感度大干非垄断企业业绩对高管努力的敏感度.本文用模型证明了,当高管能力相同、努力程度相同时,资产规模相同的垄断企业的业绩大干非垄断企业的业绩,主要是因为垄断企业天生被赋予的垄断优势.因此,当垄断企业和非垄断企业业绩相同时,支付给垄断企业高管的薪酬应该低于支付给非垄断企业高管的薪酬.论文还用2008年上市公司的数据验证了垄断的"放大效应",检验了当前垄断企业高管薪酬水平的合理性,最终发现目前垄断企业的高管薪酬相对于其业绩来说是过高的,存在激励过度问题.     

Is it Racist? Addressing Racial Microaggressions in Counselor Training

This article describes a series of activities for educating counselors regarding a form of racism dubbed racial microaggressions. Meaning and impact of microaggressions are examined. Activities for responding to microaggressions can be applied to clinical and school contexts, and are useful for educators in professional and university settings.     

Promoting School Students’ Physical Activity: A Social Ecological Perspective

Guided by a social ecological perspective, the aim of this study was to investigate the predictive strength of individual (barrier self-efficacy), social environmental (support from parents, friends, physical education teachers), and physical environmental variables (equipment accessibility, neighborhood safety) toward physical activity among school students. Participants were 285 students enrolled in a suburban public school. Hierarchical linear regression analysis highlighted the influence of self-efficacy, social support from parents, friends, physical education teachers, and accessible equipment on students’ physical activity. The findings indicated that physical educators and health promoters need to consider multiple factors as they design effective interventions to promote physical activity and prevent physical inactivity among school students. This study also supported the use of a social ecological perspective to investigate students’ physical activity.