The effects of violent video games and shyness on individuals’ aggressive behaviors

The general aggression model (GAM) has suggested that the interaction between person factors (e.g., personality variables) and situation factors (e.g., playing violent video games [VVGs]) can increase individuals’ aggressive behaviors through their cognition (e.g., hostile attributions), affect (e.g., negative affect), and/or arousal. The present study employed a modified competitive reaction time task to test the effects of shyness, violent (vs. nonviolent) gameplay, and shyness on individuals’ positive–negative affect, hostile attributions, and aggressive behaviors. In addition, the present study also employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the mediation (by cognition and affect) and moderation (by shyness). Results showed that playing a VVG increased aggressive behaviors, negative affect, and hostile attributions primarily among shy participants. In addition, the results of SEM also revealed that this moderating role was mediated by negative affect and hostile attributions. The present study supported GAM and showed that individuals’ aggressive behaviors are differentially susceptible to VVGs, depending on their level of shyness in a “for bad and for worse” manner.     

智力与性格因素影响汉族和白族中小学生品德发展的研究

本研究通过对448名汉族和328名白族中小学生的智力因素、性格因素与其品德发展的相关分析和方差分析,证明：（1）智力因素是影响学生品德发展的一个重要因素;（2）性格因素与学生的品德发展具有广泛的相关,品德优良学生的性格素质显著优于品德中等和品德不良的学生。     

暴力电子游戏玩家对攻击性图片注意偏向的ERP研究

本研究采用游戏使用习惯问卷筛选暴力电子游戏玩家和对照组被试各24名,利用线索探测范式,探讨了暴力电子游戏玩家对攻击性图片的注意偏向机制。结果发现：（1）与对照组相比,暴力电子游戏玩家对攻击性图片线索下探测目标诱发的P1潜伏期提前;（2）暴力电子游戏玩家表现出特定的脑电模式：N1潜伏期延长,P2波幅减小,P300波幅降低;（3）线索的有效性效应表现在早期ERP成分（P1）中。结果表明,暴力电子游戏玩家对攻击性图片表现出注意偏向,其脑电模式揭示暴力电子游戏对玩家的认知功能有消极影响。     

语言理解的体验观

随着体验哲学和体验认知的蓬勃发展,在语言理解中出现了强调经验作用的新观点,这就是语言理解的体验观。其基本观点是语言根植于知觉和运动,语言理解就是对语言所描述的情境建构心理模拟。这种模拟是以理解者的身体的、情绪的和社会的经验为基础的,因此语言理解实质上是对语言所指代的情境的心理上的经验重演。在语言理解的体验观中,索引假设、浸入式经历者框架和语言的神经理论具有一定的代表性     

试论因明论式中的"喻"

因明是世界上三大逻辑起源之一,源于印度,传于中国和东亚.就其逻辑论式而言,主要有古因明的五支式和新因明的三支式,"宗"、"因"、"喻"是其主要组成部分.本文就论式中的"喻"做以下分析一、"喻"在古因明到新因明论式演变中的变化及作用.二、"喻依"的去留与三支论式的性质.三、"喻"的称谓问题.对"喻"的研究有利于科学地认识和评价因明论式的逻辑价值.挖掘其中所蕴含的瑰宝,使因明这一优秀的世界文化遗产得到继承和发展.     

人工智能中知识获取面临的哲学困境及其未来走向

一人工智能中知识获取研究的现状所谓知识获取(knowledge acquistion,简称KA)就是把问题求解的专门知识(如事实、经验、规则等)从专家头脑或其他知识源(如书本、文献)中提取出来,然后将之转换成计算机系统内部表示的转换过程。综合而言,KA的任务是:获取领域专家或书本上的知识,在对其理解、选择、分析、抽取、汇集、分类和组织的基础上,转换成某种形式的系统内部表示;对已有的知识进行求精;检测并消除已有知识的矛盾性和冗余性,保持知识的一致性和完整约束性;通过某种推理或学习机制产生新的知识,扩充知识库。由于KA在人类智能活动中的重…     

Inertia and memory in ambiguous visual perception

Perceptual multistability during ambiguous visual perception is an important clue to neural dynamics. We examined perceptual switching during ambiguous depth perception using a Necker cube stimulus, and also during binocular rivalry. Analysis of perceptual switching time series using variance–sample size analysis, spectral analysis and time series shuffling shows that switching times behave as a 1/f noise and possess very long range correlations. The long memory feature contrasts sharply with the traditional satiation models of multistability, where the memory is not incorporated, as well as with recently published models of multistability and neural processing, where memory is excluded. On the other hand, the long memory feature favors the concept of “dynamic core” or coalition of neurons, where neurons form transient coalitions. Perceptual switching then corresponds to replacement of one coalition of neurons by another. The inertia and memory measures the stability of a coalition: a strong and stable coalition has to be won over by another similarly strong and stable coalition, resulting in long switching times. The complicated transient dynamics of competing coalitions of neurons may be addressable using a combination of functional imaging, measurement of frequency-tagged magnetoencephalography and frequency-tagged encephalography, simultaneous recordings of groups of neurons in many areas of the brain, and concepts from statistical mechanics and nonlinear dynamics theory.     

"韩卢逐块"辨正

"韩卢逐块"是一个佛源成语,比喻不抓本质、要害,只关注表面的、非本质的方面.其定型经历了很长时期,早期多作"狂犬趁块"、"如狗逐块"等形式,"韩卢逐块"这个形式见于禅宗语录.亦可省作"逐块".     

Double challenges: How working from home affects dual-earner couples’ work-family experiences

Against the backdrop of COVID-19 pandemic, we draw on family systems theory to elucidate how daily work-from-home status (WFH) affects both members in dual-earner couples. We propose that the WFH exerts intra-individual and inter-individual influences on employees’ and their partners’ work task and family task completion and their subsequent reactions to their work and family experiences. We examined the hypothesized relationships with two daily survey studies on dual-earner couples conducted during the pandemic (i.e., 1,559 daily responses of 165 dual-earner couples from China in Study 1, and 773 daily responses of 57 dual-earner couples from South Korea in Study 2). The two studies provide converging results that working from home (vs. office) increased employees’ family task completion for both husbands and wives and that wives working from home (vs. office) decreased husbands’ family task completion. Further, in both studies, daily work task completion increased felt guilt toward family (for wives only) through increased work-family conflict, and daily family task completion increased psychological withdrawal from work through increased family-work conflict for both husbands and wives. Moreover, we found in Study 2 that on days when husbands had flexible work schedule, wives completed more work tasks when working from home (vs. office) and that on days when wives had inflexible work arrangement, husbands completed more family tasks when working from home (vs. office). Across the two studies, there were no clear gender-difference patterns in husbands’ and wives’ work and family experiences.     

Owning leads to valuing: Meta-analysis of the mere ownership effect

Mere ownership effect is the phenomenon that people tend to value what they own more than what they do not own. This classic effect is considered robust, yet effect sizes vary across studies, and the effect is often confused for or confounded with other classic phenomena, such as endowment or mere exposure effects. We conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of 26 samples published before 2019 (N = 3024), which resulted in psychological ownership on valuing effect of g ∼ 0.57 [0.46, 0.69]. Suggestive moderator analyses supported the use of replica as the strongest moderators. Mere ownership effects were different from the null across all moderator categories and in most publication bias adjustments. We consider this as suggestive evidence that psychological owning leads to valuing, yet caution that much more research is needed. All materials, data, and codes are available on https://osf.io/fdyqw/ .