中小学生学业责任心的调查研究

目的：自编量表考察中小学生学业责任心状况。被试：徐州、盐城、镇江三个地区的小学、初中、高中的学生1678名,分析时删除未填写性别的72名被试,对1606名被试数据进行统计分析。结论：1．小学、初中和高中三个年级之间的学生的学业责任心水平存在显著差异：小学生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中生,初中生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中生;2．女生的学业责任心水平显著高于男生;3．初中阶段,镇江地区学生比盐城地区学生的学业责任心水平高;4．高中阶段,徐州地区学生比镇江地区学生学业责任心水平高,盐城地区学生比镇江地区学生学业责任心水平高;5．镇江地区,初中学生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中学生,小学生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中学生。     

广告心理学研究方法的发展趋势

广告是一种信息传播活动,而传播活动是否有效,关键取决于消费者对广告信息的接受程度,以及在态度、偏好、行动上发生的改变。因此,近年来针对广告心理的研究日益增多。研究方法也在不断的完善中,从比较简单的问卷测量法,到传统记忆测量法,再到加工分离,程序的运用,以及目前十分流行的眼动研究,广告心理学的研究方法逐渐客观化,评价指标逐渐清晰化。本文回顾了国内外在广告心理研究方法上的进展,并提出了目前研究中存在的一些突出问题。     

Correction to: Credal pragmatism

Philosophical Studies - In the original publication of the article, Table 1 was incorrectly published. The corrected table is give below.     

高中生羞怯与学校适应:一个有调节的中介模型

目的:探讨羞怯对高中生学校适应的影响机制。方法:采用中学生羞怯量表、学校适应问卷、核心自我评价量表、自我关注量表对山东省1770名高中生进行调查。结果:①羞怯不仅能直接负向预测高中生的学校适应,还能通过核心自我评价进而影响其学校适应; ②自我关注在中介模型的后半路径起到调节作用。     

Sharing economy promotes morality,not impedes it

Sharing economy (SE) is a rapidly growing economic model which has brought people efficiency and convenience; however, it also provides users the opportunity to misbehave, which has raised public concerns about the moral crisis that it might cause. We examined the effect of SE on individuals’ unethical behaviors through four studies. We found consistently that making people believe that they were using shared goods (Study 1) or priming them with abstract SE mindsets (Studies 2–4) reduced, not facilitated, their subsequent cheating on task performances to gain monetary rewards. Moreover, the effect of SE on cheating was mediated by a sense of connecting to others (Study 4). Thinking of using SE enhanced individuals’ interpersonal closeness, which in turn led to less unethical behavior. However, correlational analyses in Studies 3 and 4 showed that people who cheated more in studies in the laboratory also reported using SE more frequently in real life. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

马克思对"本体思维方式"的历史性变革

传统本论在黑格尔哲学中达到了它的最高形态,同时暴露出严重问题。对此,马克思没有采取与他同时代的其他哲学家（如叔本华、尼采等）仅仅改变“本体论哲学”的某种理论形态的做法,而是从根本上否定了传统本体论借以立立论的那种“绝对化”的基本思想原则和思维方式,使哲学找回了具有双重生命本性的现实的人和由人参与开拓的现实生活世界。即使如此,也不宜把马克思的哲学归结为“实践本体论”。     

世界大学排名比较中的再认启发式和线索推断

针对三种世界大学排名比较任务(综合实力、商业与管理专业、农业与林业专业),用问卷调查了208名大学生并考察其利用再认启发式和额外线索作推断的情况。结果发现:(1)被试在前两种任务中的正确率均超过60%,选择可再认学校的比率及其正确率也较高;(2)比较类别对再认的选择率及其正确率均有显著影响,效应量很大;(3)再认效度较低或无法利用再认时,被试的选择在不同程度上符合外国线索或专长线索的预测;(4)多出一条不利线索时,再认选择率比只有再认线索时有所降低但不低于50%,多出一条有利线索时,再认选择率的变化因线索而异,不一定显著地增加。     

A Polytomous Model of Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment for Graded Data

Pursuing the line of the difference models in IRT (Thissen &; Steinberg, 1986 Thissen, D., &; Steinberg, L. (1986). A taxonomy of item response models. Psychometrika, 51:567–577. doi:10.1007/BF02295596.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), this article proposed a new cognitive diagnostic model for graded/polytomous data based on the deterministic input, noisy, and gate (Haertel, 1989 Haertel, E. H. (1989). Using restricted latent class models to map the skill structure of achievement items. Journal of Educational Measurement, 26, 333–352. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1989.tb00336.x.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Junker &; Sijtsma, 2001 Junker, B. W., &; Sijtsma, K. (2001). Cognitive assessment models with few assumptions, and connections with nonparametric item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 25, 258–272. doi:10.1177/01466210122032064.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), which is named the DINA model for graded data (DINA-GD). We investigated the performance of a full Bayesian estimation of the proposed model. In the simulation, the classification accuracy and item recovery for the DINA-GD model were investigated. The results indicated that the proposed model had acceptable examinees' correct attribute classification rate and item parameter recovery. In addition, a real-data example was used to illustrate the application of this new model with the graded data or polytomously scored items.     

Proportional Reasoning in 5- to 6-Year-Olds

There have been mixed results in studies investigating proportional reasoning in young children. The current study aimed to examine whether providing visual scaling cues and structuring the reasoning process can improve proportional reasoning in 5- to 6-year-old children. In a series of computerized tasks, children compared the sweetness of 2 mixtures. Each mixture was represented by a juice rectangle stacked on top of a water rectangle. Two rectangles shared the same width but were of same or different heights. The mixtures were scaled by either changing their widths or their heights. In Experiment 1, children’s performance was poor when judging equivalent proportions. In Experiment 2, the 2 mixtures were individually previewed to encourage individual estimation of each mixture and thereby allow participants to strategically reason about the relative proportions. Children performed significantly better than in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, children explicitly rated the sweetness of each preview mixture. Performance did not improve relative to Experiment 2. Throughout all 3 experiments, children were more sensitive in detecting equivalence when scaling occurred along the width compared with the height, demonstrating the effectiveness of visual-spatial scaling cues. Together, these experiments suggested that visuospatial scaling cues and structuring the 2-step reasoning process using previews can improve 5- to 6-year-olds’ proportional reasoning with certain limitations.     

Use of Photovoice in Processing Race-Based Topics in a Multicultural Counseling Course

This phenomenological study assessed master-level students’ experiences of using photovoice, a creative learning activity, in a race-based multicultural counseling course. Students were asked to engage in weekly written reflections regarding a course-related photographic image, with the goal of more deeply processing cognitive and affective reactions to the course. Data analyzed included focus groups, student written responses, and photos. Findings indicated use of photovoice as a means for processing cognitions, which allowed students to deepen learning by extending a racialized lens outside of the classroom. Students also indicated use of the tool to process emotional reactions at various stages of the course, allowing learners to creatively and visually express feelings as they surfaced.