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Critical flicker fusion frequencies were determined as a function of stimulus intensity for three White Carneaux pigeons using a modified conditioned suppression paradigm as a threshold procedure. Critical frequencies ranged from 6 cps for the lowest intensity of 0.0014 ml to 77 cps for the maximum intensity of 41.86 ml.  相似文献   
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The link between body image and eating disorders has been extensively discussed, but investigations using nonclinical populations have not been systematically reviewed. In this article, a model to guide future researchers has been provided, and an attempt has been made to organize and synthesize the existing findings, with special attention to gender differences. Future researchers should more carefully delineate behavioral, emotional, cognitive, motivational, and evaluative components of body schema and should explore the relationship between body schema and outcomes other than eating disturbances. Conclusions in this review include the following: (a) Verbal measures of body schema are more successful than visual assessment tools; (b) measures of body distortion have been less successful than measures of dissatisfaction; (c) gender differences are prevalent; (d) behavioral outcomes can be successfully predicted; and (e) pubertal development plays a critical role in the gender differentiation of body schemas.  相似文献   
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This study compared smokers' expectancies for the full act of smoking with those for nicotine per se by means of a word association task. Smokers (N = 201) were randomized to receive instructions to complete either "Smoking makes one ____." or "Nicotine makes one ____." with as many words as possible within 30 s. Results indicated that smokers held similar expectancies for smoking and nicotine; however, negative consequences (e.g., health risks) were more associated with smoking than with nicotine, and addiction expectancies were more associated with nicotine than with smoking. These findings suggest that smokers have a more realistic conceptualization of nicotine's role in smoking than had been indicated from earlier surveys. These findings have important implications for both nicotine-based and behavioral interventions, as well as for experimental designs that rely upon the perceived manipulation of nicotine content.  相似文献   
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This study assesses whether the stresses associated with parenting a child are indirectly related to adolescent self-concept through parenting behaviors. We examined longitudinal associations among mothers' and fathers' parenting stress at age 10, children's perceptions of parenting at age 10, and adolescents' self-concept at age 14 in 120 European American families. Mothers' and fathers' parenting stress was related to children's perceptions of acceptance and psychologically controlling behavior, and psychologically controlling behavior (and lax control for fathers) was related to adolescent self-concept. We further examined which domains of parenting stress and perceived parenting behaviors were associated with adolescents' scholastic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct. Parenting stress was related to specific parenting behaviors, which were, in turn, related to specific domains of self-concept in adolescence. Parenting stress appears to exert its effects on early adolescent self-concept indirectly through perceived parenting behavior.  相似文献   
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Using the McMaster Family Assessment Device (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) and incorporating the perspectives of adolescent, mother, and father, this study examined each family member's "unique perspective" or nonshared, idiosyncratic view of the family. We used a modified multitrait-multimethod confirmatory factor analysis that (a) isolated for each family member's 6 reports of family dysfunction the nonshared variance (a combination of variance idiosyncratic to the individual and measurement error) from variance shared by 1 or more family members and (b) extracted common variance across each family member's set of nonshared variances. The sample included 128 families from a U.S. East Coast metropolitan area. Each family member's unique perspective generalized across his or her different reports of family dysfunction and accounted for a sizable proportion of his or her own variance in reports of family dysfunction. In addition, after holding level of dysfunction constant across families and controlling for a family's shared variance (agreement regarding family dysfunction), each family member's unique perspective was associated with his or her own adjustment. Future applications and competing alternatives for what these "unique perspectives" reflect about the family are discussed.  相似文献   
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