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81.
Gail A. Caputo 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2000,19(1):70-81
According to Gilligan's model of moral reasoning, some people approach difficult decisions situationally and in response to
needs and relationships of the people involved, often including themselves. People who think this way operate with a “care
voice” and tend to be girls and women. Others do so with concerns about rights, obligations, and rules, employing conventional
standards uniformly to be fair. These people operate with a “justice voice.” A study was conducted to assess the usefulness
of the model for understanding student opinions of penalty for two hypothetical criminal offenders. Based upon data obtained
from a self-administered written questionnaire and a quantitative index of “voice,” three themes emerged. First, most students
exhibited concerns reflective of the two internal moral structures, the “care voice” and the “justice voice,” when they responded
to queries about the proper function of criminal sanctions. This indicates that at least two equally legitimate yet competitive
definitions of criminal justice exist. Second, gender and “voice” are associated, but not invariably. Third, “voice” is more
helpful than gender for explaining penalty choices. The care model is associated with penalty choices that are responsive
to needs of people involved in the situation, and the custodial nature of sanctions lends insight into these choices. The
justice model is associated with the assignment of normative sanctions. Moreover, many students expressed a “model of voice,”
or a view of fairness, that conflicts with the dominant model of the criminal justice system. 相似文献
82.
Colleen Gail Moodley 《Journal of religion and health》2017,56(5):1515-1536
HIV and AIDS are rapidly spreading amongst the world’s 15- to 24-year age group, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite vigorous government interventions and campaigns, 10 % of South African youth in the age cohort 15–24 are infected with HIV and AIDS. Furthermore, for the first time in history the world has its largest number of individuals under the age of 30 years. Researchers are desperately seeking a solution and have found religion to play an important role in moderating risky sexual behaviour amongst youth. This exploratory qualitative study aims to increase our understanding of emerging adult Further Education and Training (FET) students’ perceptions of the role of religion and religious beliefs in their sexual decision-making and practices. The qualitative data emerged from five focus group discussions, each consisting of 12 heterosexual emerging adult FET college students aged 18–24 years, selected using random sampling. Participants were representative of all the major South African racial groups (Blacks, Whites, Coloured and Indians) as well as different religious and cultural groupings. Secularisation theory was used as a theoretical framework for this study. These focus group discussions revealed the following themes: Theme 1—religious institutions need to embrace change in order to become effective social agents of change. Theme 2—a need for open discussion and communication concerning current issues related to young people’s sexual health (by religious institutions/religious leaders). Theme 3—perceptions of religion’s negative sanctions towards sexual behaviour. Theme 4—religious leaders’ indifference and abdication of responsibility to the problems that youth face. Theme 5—religion and condom-related beliefs. Theme 6—perceptions of religious leaders as role models. Theme 7—emerging adults general concern for the moral decay of society. Theme 8—perceptions of whether religion has an influence on young people’s sexual decision-making and practices. 相似文献
83.
Gail Cafferata 《Pastoral Psychology》2017,66(3):311-333
The number of American churches has been declining at a rate of about 1 to 2% per year, but this statistic hides the reality that in liberal, moderate denominations the number of churches that close is nearly three or four times the number that open. Despite this trend of decline, no one has studied how closing churches affects the pastor. What challenges does the pastor face when closing a church, and how do these challenges affect the pastor’s level of stress and well-being? The study draws on structural and identity theories to further our understanding of pastoral identity threats and ways that congregational and denominational support may ease a pastor’s burden. This research used a mail survey to explore the experiences of pastors who have experienced the closing of a church in any of five Protestant denominations (Episcopal, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, and United Church of Christ). The research adds to our understanding of the context of ministry by highlighting not only the effects of clergy age and experience but also the congregational context and middle administrative body (judicatory) respect and support in the challenge and in the affirmation of pastoral identity through the process of closure and church death. 相似文献
84.
Morgan Botdorf Gail M. Rosenbaum Jamie Patrianakos Laurence Steinberg 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(5):972-979
While much research on adolescent risk behaviour has focused on the development of prefrontal self-regulatory mechanisms, prior studies have elicited mixed evidence of a relationship between individual differences in the capacity for self-regulation and individual differences in risk taking. To explain these inconsistent findings, it has been suggested that the capacity for self-regulation may be, for most adolescents, adequately mature to produce adaptive behaviour in non-affective, “cold” circumstances, but that adolescents have a more difficult time exerting control in affective, “hot” contexts. To further explore this claim, the present study examined individual differences in self-control in the face of affective and non-affective response conflict, and examined whether differences in the functioning of cognitive control processes under these different conditions was related to risk taking. Participants completed a cognitive Stroop task, an emotional Stroop task, and a risky driving task known as the Stoplight game. Regression analyses showed that performance on the emotional Stroop task predicted laboratory risk-taking in the driving task, whereas performance on the cognitive Stroop task did not exhibit the same trend. This pattern of results is consistent with theories of adolescent risk-taking that emphasise the impacts of affective contextual influences on the ability to enact effective cognitive control. 相似文献
85.
Neal Krause Kenneth I. Pargament Gail Ironson 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2017,27(2):104-115
A number of studies have examined religious transformations. But most of this work has been concerned with identifying different types of transformations and steps in the process of transformation. The current study was designed to examine the ways in which religious transformations may be associated with happiness. We take a novel approach toward the evaluation of this relationship. We argue that a religious transformation may be an important resource for coping with lifetime trauma. Two major findings emerge from our nationwide survey (N = 2,851). First, the data indicate that the magnitude of the relationship between lifetime trauma and happiness is reduced significantly for people who have had a religious transformation but not for those who have not had this type of religious experience. Second, the results reveal that the potential stress-related benefits of a religious transformation are more evident among younger adults than among middle-aged or older adults. 相似文献
86.
Love J McKoon G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(4):874-887
Research on shallow processing suggests that readers sometimes encode only a superficial representation of a text and fail to make use of all available information. Greene, McKoon, and Ratcliff (1992) extended this work to pronouns, finding evidence that readers sometimes fail to automatically identify referents even when these are unambiguous. In this paper we revisit those findings. In 11 recognition probe, priming, and self-report experiments, we manipulated Greene et al.'s stories to discover under what circumstances a pronoun's referent is automatically understood. We lengthened the stories from 4 to 8 lines. This simple manipulation led to automatic and correct resolution, which we attribute to readers' increased engagement with the stories. We found evidence of resolution even when the additional text did not mention the pronoun's referent. In addition, our results suggest that the pronoun temporarily boosts the referent's accessibility, an advantage that disappears by the end of the next sentence. Finally, we present evidence from memory experiments that supports complete pronoun resolution for the longer but not the shorter stories. 相似文献
87.
Little is known about factors predicting the likelihood of choosing genetic testing in college aged women versus older women,
including knowledge of quality of life (QOL) associated with a disorder. Using vignettes with female college students (Experiment
1: n = 257, mean age = 19.70 yrs) and female faculty/staff/alumni (Experiment 2: n
nulliparous = 83, mean age = 30.20 yrs; n
mothers = 53, mean age = 33.77 yrs), we examined the contribution of multiple factors to predicting genetic testing likelihood for
cystic fibrosis. We investigated malleable situational factors (style of genetic risk presentation and providing QOL information
including physical and social aspects) and stable dispositional factors (abortion views). Parity (i.e., prior births) was
more influential in women’s genetic testing likelihood than was age. Greater acceptability of abortion for oneself and self-assessed
knowledge following QOL information were predictors of higher testing likelihood for college students. Greater acceptability
of abortion for another person was a predictor for nulliparous women. Abortion views moderated the effect of predictors for
nulliparous women and mothers. Findings encourage genetic counselors to utilize QOL information to promote informed decision
making through genetic testing. 相似文献
88.
Elder JH Donaldson SO Kairalla J Valcante G Bendixen R Ferdig R Self E Walker J Palau C Serrano M 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(3):263-271
Literature regarding fathers of children with autism remains sparse, and because mothers are the more common intervening parent,
few training methods have focused on fathers. Thus, we sought to evaluate effects of in-home training directed at fathers
and their ability to train mothers in the same manner in which they were trained. Fathers were taught four skills commonly
associated with in-home training interventions for parents of children with autism: following the child’s lead, imitation
with animation, commenting on the child, and expectant waiting. Father skills were evaluated twice a week for 12 weeks during
videotaped in-home father–child play sessions. Analyses included visual inspection of graphed data and statistical analyses
of father skill acquisition, mother skill acquisition, and child behaviors with both parents. A multivariate repeated measures
analysis of 18 dyads revealed significant increases in frequencies of fathers’ imitation with animation, expectant waiting,
and commenting on the child. Child initiating rates increased significantly as did frequencies of child non-speech vocalizations.
Analysis of mothers revealed significant increases in frequencies of imitation with animation, expectant waiting, and following
the child’s lead. Child behaviors had similar results for father and mother sessions. Findings are consistent with those from
our first study indicating that fathers can effectively implement skills that promote father–child social interactions and
that children respond positively to this approach. 相似文献
89.
Gail Simon 《Journal of Family Therapy》2010,32(3):308-325
Transgression is not only an inevitable part of systemic supervision but is also necessary if we are to work towards innovative and inclusive supervisory and therapeutic practice. Defying culturally generated ‘rules’ of systemic practice can allow for more relevant and productive ways of talking. Systemic practitioners are increasingly finding themselves trying to practice systemic therapy in employing authorities and training courses which are dominated by inflexible professional narratives and manualised procedures. Our profession is committed to ethical inner and outer dialogue, to self‐ and relational reflexivity as distinct from the rule‐bound surveillance culture in which we live and work. Systemic supervisors and therapists may find themselves at odds with monological institutional discourse and attempts from within our own profession to manualise practice. I introduce examples from supervisory conversations to illustrate how supervisors can develop more culturally sensitive practices through supporting practitioners to hear and have heard their own marginalised and oppressed voices and those of their clients. 相似文献
90.
Hoarding among elderly clients can have serious health and safety consequences, including death. Because medications and standard behavioral treatments have yielded limited benefits for people with serious hoarding problems, we employed a specialized cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) based on Frost and colleagues' model of hoarding problems. Of 11 elderly clients who met screening criteria for hoarding at a community mental health center, 6 completed an average of 35 sessions of therapy administered by a B.A.-level therapist trained and supervised in CBT methods. Treatment consisted of weekly home visits that included motivational interviewing, organizing and decision-making skills, cognitive therapy regarding hoarding and related beliefs, and practice sorting, discarding, and not acquiring. Modest improvement was evident in ratings of clutter, risky situations in the home, and functioning. Clients were generally satisfied with treatment. Challenges in treating hoarding in elderly clients include health and safety risks as well as reduced physical capacity that required problem-solving strategies. 相似文献