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491.
Gail A. Caputo 《Current Psychology》2000,19(1):70-81
According to Gilligan's model of moral reasoning, some people approach difficult decisions situationally and in response to
needs and relationships of the people involved, often including themselves. People who think this way operate with a “care
voice” and tend to be girls and women. Others do so with concerns about rights, obligations, and rules, employing conventional
standards uniformly to be fair. These people operate with a “justice voice.” A study was conducted to assess the usefulness
of the model for understanding student opinions of penalty for two hypothetical criminal offenders. Based upon data obtained
from a self-administered written questionnaire and a quantitative index of “voice,” three themes emerged. First, most students
exhibited concerns reflective of the two internal moral structures, the “care voice” and the “justice voice,” when they responded
to queries about the proper function of criminal sanctions. This indicates that at least two equally legitimate yet competitive
definitions of criminal justice exist. Second, gender and “voice” are associated, but not invariably. Third, “voice” is more
helpful than gender for explaining penalty choices. The care model is associated with penalty choices that are responsive
to needs of people involved in the situation, and the custodial nature of sanctions lends insight into these choices. The
justice model is associated with the assignment of normative sanctions. Moreover, many students expressed a “model of voice,”
or a view of fairness, that conflicts with the dominant model of the criminal justice system. 相似文献
492.
Quyen Q. Tiet Gail A. Wasserman Rolf Loeber Larkin S. McReynolds Laurie S. Miller 《Journal of child and family studies》2001,10(2):181-197
Maternal report of types of conduct problems in a high-risk sample of 228 boys and 80 girls (ages 4–18) were examined, using a version of the Child Behavior Checklist, expanded to include a range of covert and overt antisocial items (stealing, lying, physical aggression, relational aggression, substance use, and impulsivity). Age and sex effects were investigated. Boys were significantly more physically aggressive than girls. There were no sex differences for stealing, lying, relational aggression, and substance use. Lying and substance use increased with age, whereas relational aggression and impulsivity peaked during early adolescence. A small group of girls had pervasive conduct problems across multiple domains. For some domains such as stealing, lying, and relational aggression, girls showed at least as many problems as boys. Girls, in general, tended to have fewer conduct problems. On the other hand, when assessed across multiple domains, conduct problems in high-risk girls were possibly more pervasive than in high-risk boys, suggesting the possibility of a gender paradox. 相似文献
493.
Social Support Mediates Loneliness and Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV-6) Antibody Titers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denise Dixon Stacy Cruess Kristin Kilbourn Nancy Klimas Mary Ann Fletcher Gail Ironson Andrew Baum Neil Schneiderman Michael H. Antoni 《Journal of applied social psychology》2001,31(6):1111-1132
The current study investigated the impact of a severe environmental stressor and the role that declining social integration played in mediating its effect on loneliness and immune status. Increased loneliness and decreased social support in the months following the stressor (storm) were significantly associated with increased HHV-6 antibody liters, reflecting poorer control over the virus. Poorer social integration mediated the relationship between loneliness and HHV-6, even after controlling for nonspecific polyclonal B-cell activation, disease status (CD3+CD4+ cell counts), living arrangements, acute social losses (bereavement), and potential disruptions in social-support resources. These findings suggest that specific elements of social support may explain the oft-noted negative effects of loneliness on the immune system, and generalized to a medically vulnerable population. 相似文献
494.
495.
This study examined the relation between teachers' perceptions of children's compliance to them and their evaluations of the children's intellectual competence. One hundred and nine boys and 94 girls from 25 preschools participated in the study. Evaluations of the children's intellectual competence and their compliance to teachers were provided by teachers from each preschool. The children were given measures of intelligence and problem solving, which together with age and compliance to teachers were used to predict the teachers' evaluations of the children's intellectual competence. Only IQ and age significantly predicted teachers' evaluations of boys' competence. Teachers' evaluations of girls' intellectual competence were significantly predicted by age, compliance to teachers, and problem-solving scores, with the less compliant girls being perceived as less competent. The results were interpreted as indicating the possible influence of sex role bias on teachers' judgments of girls' intellectual competence.This research was funded by a grant from the Quebec Department of Education and was performed while the second author was supported by a scholarship from the Quebec Department of Education. 相似文献
496.
George Donaldson Alan M. Olson Mary T. Clark Stephen Beasley-Murray Eugene Thomas Long Jack S. Boozer John Howie Paul K. Moser Louis P. Pojman Michael E. Zimmerman Michael H. DeArmey Eric von der Luft Jackie Kleinman Galen A. Johnson Eric C. Rust J. Michael Cashore Andrew J. Reck John W. Murphy Ronald L. Hall 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》1984,15(1-2):85-108
497.
In order to examine the role-modeling patterns of female athletes, 94 high school and 71 college basketball players were surveyed regarding (a) which player they most emulated, (b) perceptions regarding male vs. female coaches as role models, and (c) preferred gender of coach. High school subjects showed a greater tendency to emulate another player, and the significant majority of player role models were female. High school subjects who perceived a difference considered female coaches to be superior role models, and the 52% with a preference favored a female coach. However, the college subjects who perceived a difference, regarded male coaches as better examples of what they wanted to be and the 42% with a preference favored a male coach. 相似文献
498.
In this experiment, we examined whether a group of well-characterized amnesic patients would exhibit normal priming for novel nonverbal materials after a single exposure. Both amnesic patients and normal control subjects studied line figures and were then given a priming test in which they were asked to reproduce both old (studied) and new (unstudied) figures after a brief exposure. The measure of priming was the number of old patterns drawn correctly relative to the number of new patterns drawn correctly. Both subject groups reproduced more old patterns than new patterns, and the effect was similar in the two groups. In contrast, amnesic patients were significantly impaired on a recognition memory test for the items that had been presented. This study contributes to recent evidence that implicit memory can support the rapid acquisition of novel verbal and nonverbal information. Perceptual priming for such material is independent of the structures damaged in amnesia. 相似文献
499.
Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: Their relation and their role in adaptive motivation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this article, the relation between research emerging from the goals approach to motivation and research emerging from the intrinsic motivation approach is examined. A review of relevant research suggests that factors promoting learning goals (emphasizing the development of competencies) are associated with enhanced intrinsic motivation, and that factors promoting performance goals (emphasizing the evaluation of competence) are associated with diminished intrinsic motivation. It is also suggested that important aspects of the goals approach are often incorporated into conceptions and measures of intrinsic motivation. Finally, a framework is presented in which adaptive motivation is described in terms of the coordination of achievement goals and intrinsic motivation. 相似文献
500.
A number of recent studies have shown that newborns prefer to look at mother's face rather than at the face of a stranger. This preference can be seen as the result of familiarity with the mother's face, stemming from a greater number of encounters with mother's face. A schema theory can deal with this kind of recognition. Recent work with verbal stimuli has shown that newborns are sensitive to primacy and recency as well as simple familiarity. A pilot and one complete experiment were carried out to examine whether primacy and recency operated with faces as well. Results indicated that primacy, but not recency, was effective. The results show very rapid learning, learning that may outpace the capacity of any extant model of perceptual learning. 相似文献