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排序方式: 共有119条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Topoi - In the ideological construction of colonialism and, more widely, of any hierarchy of human communities, a crucial role is played by discourse on language. English nationalism and... 相似文献
42.
Deferred imitation studies are used to assess infants’ declarative memory performance. These studies have found that deferred imitation performance improves with age, which is usually attributed to advancing memory capabilities. Imitation studies, however, are also used to assess infants’ action understanding. In this second research program it has been observed that infants around the age of one year imitate selectively, i.e., they imitate certain kinds of target actions and omit others. In contrast to this, two-year-olds usually imitate the model's exact actions. 18-month-olds imitate more exactly than one-year-olds, but more selectively than two-year-olds, a fact which makes this age group especially interesting, since the processes underlying selective vs. exact imitation are largely debated. The question, for example, if selective attention to certain kinds of target actions accounts for preferential imitation of these actions in young infants is still open. Additionally, relations between memory capabilities and selective imitation processes, as well as their role in shaping 18-month-olds’ neither completely selective, nor completely exact imitation have not been thoroughly investigated yet. The present study, therefore, assessed 18-month-olds’ gaze toward two types of actions (functional vs. arbitrary target actions) and the model's face during target action demonstration, as well as infants’ deferred imitation performance. Although infants’ fixation times to functional target actions were not longer than to arbitrary target actions, they imitated the functional target actions more frequently than the arbitrary ones. This suggests that selective imitation does not rely on selective gaze toward functional target actions during the demonstration phase. In addition, a post hoc analysis of interindividual differences suggested that infants’ attention to the model's social-communicative cues might play an important role in exact imitation, meaning the imitation of both functional and arbitrary target actions. 相似文献
43.
Anna Sedda Davide Rivolta Pina Scarpa Michael Burt Elisa Frigerio Gabriele Zanardi Ada Piazzini Katherine Turner Maria Paola Canevini Stefano Francione Giorgio Lo Russo Gabriella Bottini 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2013,13(3):452-463
The lateralization of emotion processing is currently debated and may be further explored by examining facial expression recognition (FER) impairments in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Furthermore, there is also debate in the literature whether FER deficits in individuals with TLE are more pronounced in the right than in the left hemisphere. Individuals with TLE were tested with an FER task designed to be more sensitive than those classically used to shed light on this issue. A total of 25 right- and 32 left-TLE patients, candidates for surgery, along with controls, underwent an FER task composed of stimuli shown not only at full-blown intensities (100 %), but also morphed to lower-intensity display levels (35 %, 50 %, and 75 %). The results showed that, as compared to controls, right-TLE patients showed deficits in the recognition of all emotional categories. Furthermore, when considering valence, right-TLE patients were impaired only in negative emotion recognition, but no deficits for positive emotions were highlighted in left-TLE patients. Finally, only the right-TLE patients’ impairment was found to be related to the age of epilepsy onset. Our work demonstrates that the FER deficits in TLE span multiple emotional categories and show manifestations dependent on the laterality of the epileptic focus. Taken together, our findings provide the strongest evidence for the right-hemisphere model, but they also partially support the valence model. We suggest that current models are not exhaustive at explaining emotional-processing cerebral control, and further that multistep models should be developed. 相似文献
44.
Chieko Koyama Gabriella Belli 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2011,39(4):229-240
Alcohol use, acculturative stress, and drinking motivations of 262 students in English as a second language programs in a U.S. community college were explored. Alcohol consumption was generally low, but differences between two groups with different legal statuses indicate the need to consider subgroups of international students for research purposes. Se exploraron el uso de alcohol, el estrés por aculturación y las motivaciones para beber de 262 alumnos en programas de inglés como lengua extranjera en una universidad comunitaria estadounidense. El consumo de alcohol fue moderadamente bajo, pero las diferencias entre dos grupos con diferente estatus legal indican la necesidad de considerar subgrupos de estudiantes internacionales a la hora de realizar investigaciones. 相似文献
45.
Gabriella Giustino 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2017,98(3):831-839
After the Isaacs' seminal work on the nature and function of unconscious phantasy (1948), several authors (mostly in the British Society) have reflected on the topic and tried to extend the concept of fantasy. In this paper I shall examine the contributions of Winnicott, Gaddini, Joseph and Anne Marie Sandler that aim at broadening this psychoanalytic concept. The authors that I have considered share a focus mostly on the early stages of child development. Both Winnicott and Gaddini belong to a line of thinking that explores the vicissitudes of the primary emotional development of the infantile self (in the mother‐infant relationship) involving the earliest processes of holding and bodily and kinaesthetic fantasy that form the bodily integrity of the person. The Sandlers focused mostly on the concept of the past unconscious understood as a place of primitive vicissitudes with a deficit in figuration where the process of repression is missing. The present unconscious phantasy (that is located in the here and now) has the function of rendering the past unconscious phantasy partly accessible; otherwise it would remain unknowable. 相似文献
46.
Kovács Z Seres G Kerékgyártó O Czobor P 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2010,17(4):378-386
The current study aims to investigate the factorial validity of a widely used psychopathological rating scale, the Symptom
Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R), in a group of patients suffering from gastrointestinal disorders, and to determine the specific
psychopathological profiles that characterize the individual patient subgroups. Patients suffering from either irritable bowel
syndrome, ulcerative colitis, non-erosive reflux disease or erosive reflux disease completed the SCL-90-R at a tertiary care
gastroenterology department. Seven factors were identified, with one major distress factor and six minor factors. Comparison
of the gastrointestinal disorder subgroups indicated that irritable bowel syndrome patients exhibited significantly more psychological
distress compared to the other groups, and that gastrointestinal patients as a group, compared to healthy controls, were characterized
by high levels of irritable depression and somatization. In planning further studies we encourage the use of factors identified
in our study. The treatment of substantial irritable depression can be an important factor in improving quality of life in
patients suffering from gastrointestinal disorders. 相似文献
47.
Gabriella Airenti 《Cognitive Systems Research》2010,11(2):165-180
This article presents a theoretical discussion of the relationship between language and communication. I discuss Chomsky’s position on this topic. Chomsky claims that if it is possible to construct a scientific theory of the language faculty, there is no possibility to construct a scientific theory of communication because in communication human intentionality is involved. This position is contrasted by philosophers of language considering that communication is to be studied as a form of rational action. I maintain that both these positions are not supported by the evidence coming from developmental research. Taking a cognitive point of view I contend that a communicative faculty can be defined that develops since infancy to adulthood, which has features independent of language and action. Different steps in the development of the communicative ability are linked to a parallel development of the theory of mind. I then argue in favor of a distinction between collective action and communication considering that while collective action is common to human and nonhuman primates, communication is typically human. 相似文献
48.
Kousta ST Vinson DP Vigliocco G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):843-858
The authors investigated linguistic relativity effects by examining the semantic effects of grammatical gender (present in Italian but absent in English) in fluent bilingual speakers as compared with monolingual speakers. In an error-induction experiment, they used responses by monolingual speakers to establish a baseline for bilingual speakers and show that gender affects the semantic substitution errors made by monolingual Italian speakers compared with monolingual English speakers. They then showed that Italian-English bilingual speakers behave like monolingual English speakers when the task is in English and like monolingual Italian speakers when the task is in Italian, hence exhibiting appropriate semantic representations for each language. These results show that for bilingual speakers there is intraspeaker relativity in semantic representations and, therefore, that gender does not have a conceptual, nonlinguistic effect. The results also have implications for models of bilingual semantic memory and processing. 相似文献
49.
Barbara Gabriella Renzi 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2009,40(2):311-336
In this paper I propose a type-hierarchy approach to provide an intersubjective framework for the evaluation of evolutionary
analogies. This approach develops David Hull’s and others’ attempts to provide full generalisation for selection processes,
in order to show that sociocultural development and, particularly, scientific change can be considered as an instance of Darwinian
selection. I argue that the recent work by Eileen Cornell Way on type hierarchies can offer the kind of generalisation needed
to solve the main problems that still affect Hull’s theory and to show that the evolutionary analogy is, after all, only a
particular way of grouping phenomena together. If Hull’s main objective is a unified theory of selection, which supports the
idea that science selection and natural selection obey the same laws, I also argue that the type hierarchy approach to models
shows that this objective is unsustainable as it stands, and is in need of further development. I will firstly introduce the
general outline of the type hierarchy approach to models. Then, after a brief recapitulation of Hull’s main points and difficulties,
I will try and construct a hierarchy for a general abstraction of selection processes. Finally I will introduce the main criticisms
that Hull’s work has faced from philosophers and scientists, and show how they compare with my proposal. 相似文献
50.
The present study investigated the relationshipbetween deception and selfperception of traditionallymasculine and feminine characteristics. In the firststage of the study, 730 fifth and sixth graders (377 boys and 353 girls), all Jewish Israelis,completed an adapted form of the BSRI (Bem, 1974). Inthe second stage of the study, 154 boys were given threetypes of questionnaires, one consisting of questions dealing with traditionally masculine topics,the second with traditionally feminine topics, and thethird with neutral topics. Since most of the questionswere very difficult, participants faced failure, but were given an opportunity to deceive andpretend to know more than they really did. It was found,as predicted, that cross-sex males, i.e., those whoself-endorse a large amount of traditionally feminine characteristics and a small amount oftraditionally masculine characteristics, were a uniquegroup. They were the only group who deceived more on thegender-inconsistent than gender-consistent task. The other gender role groups deceived more on thegender-consistent task than on the gender-inconsistenttask, or equally on both tasks. The results arediscussed within the context of the debate over themeaning of self-endorsement of masculine and femininetraits. 相似文献