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151.
Heather Barry Kappes Gabriele Oettingen 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(4):719-729
Positive fantasies allow people to mentally indulge in a desired future. Whereas previous research found that spontaneously generated positive fantasies about the future predict poor achievement, we examined the effect of experimentally induced positive fantasies about the future. The present four experiments identify low energy, measured by physiological and behavioral indicators, as a mechanism by which positive fantasies translate into poor achievement. Induced positive fantasies resulted in less energy than fantasies that questioned the desired future (Study 1), negative fantasies (Study 2), or neutral fantasies (Study 3). Additionally, positive fantasies yielded a larger decrease in energy when they pertained to a more rather than a less pressing need (Study 4). Results indicate that one reason positive fantasies predict poor achievement is because they do not generate energy to pursue the desired future. 相似文献
152.
Prof. Dr. Cornelia Albani Gerd Blaser Michael Geyer Gabriele Schmutzer Elmar Br?hler 《Psychotherapeut》2011,56(1):51-60
This study analyzed the provision of outpatient psychotherapy services in Germany in standard practice settings. A total of 1,212 subjects who received or were still receiving outpatient psychotherapy during the past 6 years provided information about their experiences via a telephone survey. Outpatient psychotherapy was sought for many different conditions and was rated as highly effective. The improvement rates for all complaints were higher than 50%, except for obesity (37%) and sexual dysfunctions (44%). Patient ratings of worsening were less than 8% throughout. Treatment had very positive results not only for target symptoms but also for other aspects of patients?? lives. Almost 90% of those questioned stated that they were satisfied with their therapist. High agreement ratings were reported specifically with respect to positive therapeutic relationship, stable working alliance, experience of autonomy during therapy and therapists?? competency and ethical conduct. Patients gave their psychotherapists excellent evaluations and were highly satisfied with the changes achieved through treatment. 相似文献
153.
Transfer of skill engendered by complex task training under conditions of variable priority 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Boot WR Basak C Erickson KI Neider M Simons DJ Fabiani M Gratton G Voss MW Prakash R Lee H Low KA Kramer AF 《Acta psychologica》2010,135(3):349-357
We explored the theoretical underpinnings of a commonly used training strategy by examining issues of training and transfer of skill in the context of a complex video game (Space Fortress, Donchin, 1989). Participants trained using one of two training regimens: Full Emphasis Training (FET) or Variable Priority Training (VPT). Transfer of training was assessed with a large battery of cognitive and psychomotor tasks ranging from basic laboratory paradigms measuring reasoning, memory, and attention to complex real-world simulations. Consistent with previous studies, VPT accelerated learning and maximized task mastery. However, the hypothesis that VPT would result in broader transfer of training received limited support. Rather, transfer was most evident in tasks that were most similar to the Space Fortress game itself. Results are discussed in terms of potential limitations of the VPT approach. 相似文献
154.
Kyle E. Mathewson Monica Fabiani Gabriele Gratton Diane M. Beck Alejandro Lleras 《Cognition》2010,115(1):186-191
At near-threshold levels of stimulation, identical stimulus parameters can result in very different phenomenal experiences. Can we manipulate which stimuli reach consciousness? Here we show that consciousness of otherwise masked stimuli can be experimentally induced by sensory entrainment. We preceded a backward-masked stimulus with a series of rapid visual events presented at 12 Hz for 800 ms. Peaks in visual sensitivity (d′) were observed when the target appeared at the time that the next entraining stimuli would have occurred. Observers’ sensitivity for identical masked near-threshold stimuli increased by factors as large as 55%, but only at this precise moment in time. These data thus reveal that awareness of near-threshold stimuli can be manipulated by entrainment to rhythmic events, supporting the functional role of induced oscillations in underlying cortical excitability, and suggest a plausible mechanism of temporal attention. 相似文献
155.
Rodica Ghinescu Todd R. Schachtman Michael A. Stadler Monica Fabiani Gabriele Gratton 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(2):197-205
This experiment investigated whether subjects' selection and use of strategies in detecting a target letter in a flanker task
requires intention. Subjects' expectancies for compatible and incompatible trials (trials on which the response to the flanker
stimulus was consistent or inconsistent with the target response) were manipulated by presenting cues that signaled the occurrence
of these types of trials. Three groups of subjects received explicit, partially explicit, or implicit instructions about the
meaning of the cues. By the end of the experiment, all the groups were able to select and use strategies based on the cues
to improve their performance. However, this strategy selection developed slowly with practice in the latter two groups, whereas
it was present from the outset in the first group. In addition, forced choice tests performed after the experiment showed
that the subjects in the implicit condition could not intentionally indicate which stimuli were most likely to follow a given
cue. Thus, the data suggest that the selection of strategies occurred outside the subjects' awareness, and without their intention. 相似文献
156.
Topoi - In his paper “Explaining Deductive Inference” Prawitz states what he calls «a fundamental problem of logic and the philosophy of logic»: the problem of explaining... 相似文献
157.
We tested the core prediction of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH) of agrammatic Broca's aphasia, which contends that such patients' comprehension performance is normal for active reversible sentences but at chance level for passive reversible sentences. We analyzed the comprehension performance of 38 Italian Broca's aphasics with verified damage to Broca's area, who completed sentence-to-picture matching tasks using active and passive reversible sentences as stimuli. The results failed to confirm the predictions made by TDH: only a small minority (15%) performed at chance on passive sentences and better than chance on active sentences. Furthermore, the distribution of the 38 subjects' performance on passive sentences differed from that predicted by the TDH since many more subjects performed at better-than-chance levels than expected. We discuss the implication of these results for claims about the distribution of language processing mechanisms in the brain. 相似文献
158.
159.
We review research related to the learning of complex motor skills with respect to principles developed on the basis of simple skill learning. Although some factors seem to have opposite effects on the learning of simple and of complex skills, other factors appear to be relevant mainly for the learning of more complex skills. We interpret these apparently contradictory findings as suggesting that situations with low processing demands benefit from practice conditions that increase the load and challenge the performer, whereas practice conditions that result in extremely high load should benefit from conditions that reduce the load to more manageable levels. The findings reviewed here call into question the generalizability of results from studies using simple laboratory tasks to the learning of complex motor skills. They also demonstrate the need to use more complex skills in motor-learning research in order to gain further insights into the learning process. 相似文献
160.
Bruce A. Fernie Ann-Marie McKenzie Ana V. Nikčević Gabriele Caselli Marcantonio M. Spada 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2016,34(1):1-13
Earlier research has implicated metacognitions and attentional control in procrastination and self-regulatory failure. This study tested several hypotheses: (1) that metacognitions would be positively correlated with decisional procrastination; (2) that attentional control would be negatively correlated with decisional procrastination; (3) that metacognitions would be negatively correlated with attentional control; and (4) that metacognitions and attentional control would predict decisional procrastination when controlling for negative affect. One hundred and twenty-nine participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21, the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire 30, the Attentional Control Scale, and the Decisional Procrastination Scale. Significant relationships were found between all three attentional control factors (focusing, shifting, and flexible control of thought) and two metacognitions factors (negative beliefs concerning thoughts about uncontrollability and danger, and cognitive confidence). Results also revealed that decisional procrastination was significantly associated with negative affect, all measured metacognitions factors, and all attentional control factors. In the final step of a hierarchical regression analysis only stress, cognitive confidence, and attention shifting were independent predictors of decisional procrastination. Overall these findings support the hypotheses and are consistent with the Self-Regulatory Executive Function model of psychological dysfunction. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献