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121.
Caravolas M Lervåg A Mousikou P Efrim C Litavsky M Onochie-Quintanilla E Salas N Schöffelová M Defior S Mikulajová M Seidlová-Málková G Hulme C 《Psychological science》2012,23(6):678-686
Previous studies have shown that phoneme awareness, letter-sound knowledge, rapid automatized naming (RAN), and verbal memory span are reliable correlates of learning to read in English. However, the extent to which these different predictors have the same relative importance in different languages remains uncertain. In this article, we present the results from a 10-month longitudinal study that began just before or soon after the start of formal literacy instruction in four languages (English, Spanish, Slovak, and Czech). Longitudinal path analyses showed that phoneme awareness, letter-sound knowledge, and RAN (but not verbal memory span) measured at the onset of literacy instruction were reliable predictors, with similar relative importance, of later reading and spelling skills across the four languages. These data support the suggestion that in all alphabetic orthographies, phoneme awareness, letter-sound knowledge, and RAN may tap cognitive processes that are important for learning to read. 相似文献
122.
Glucocorticoids enhance taste aversion memory via actions in the insular cortex and basolateral amygdala 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
Miranda MI Quirarte GL Rodriguez-Garcia G McGaugh JL Roozendaal B 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(7):468-476
It is well established that glucocorticoid hormones strengthen the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent spatial and contextual memory. The present experiments investigated glucocorticoid effects on the long-term formation of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), an associative learning task that does not depend critically on hippocampal function. Corticosterone (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously to male Sprague–Dawley rats immediately after the pairing of saccharin consumption with the visceral malaise-inducing agent lithium chloride (LiCl) dose-dependently increased aversion to the saccharin taste on a 96-h retention test trial. In a second experiment, rats received corticosterone either immediately after saccharin consumption or after the LiCl injection, when both stimuli were separated by a 3-h time interval, to investigate whether corticosterone enhances memory of the gustatory or visceral stimulus presentation. Consistent with the finding that the LiCl injection, but not saccharin consumption, increases endogenous corticosterone levels, corticosterone selectively enhanced CTA memory when administered after the LiCl injection. Suppression of this training-induced release of corticosterone with the synthesis-inhibitor metyrapone (35 mg/kg) impaired CTA memory, and was dose-dependently reversed by post-training supplementation of corticosterone. Moreover, direct post-training infusions of corticosterone into the insular cortex or basolateral complex of the amygdala, two brain regions that are critically involved in the acquisition and consolidation of CTA, also enhanced CTA retention, whereas post-training infusions into the dorsal hippocampus were ineffective. These findings provide evidence that glucocorticoid effects on memory consolidation are not limited to hippocampus-dependent spatial/contextual information, but that these hormones also modulate memory consolidation of discrete-cue associative learning via actions in other brain regions. 相似文献
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Gabriela Topa Encarnación Valero 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2017,26(6):811-827
The resource-based dynamic perspective has been applied in this study to explore retirees’ satisfaction, depression, and actual loss of resources. A three-wave design with Spanish workers who were in transition to retirement (N = 286) was used with the aim of investigating correlations between pre-retirement variables and post-retirement well-being. Participants were working at Time 1 and Time 2 but at Time 3, they had retired in the past year. Individual attributes (age), access to resources (life satisfaction and depression), situational characteristics (job stress, job tenure, and retirement transition quality), and psychological disposition (general self-efficacy and positive retirement expectations) at the first wave, correlated with the threat of loss at the second wave. Moreover, these predictors explained how people adjust to retirement at the third wave, assessed both directly (actual loss of resources) and indirectly (satisfaction with retirement and depression), via their effects on Time 2 variables. The results revealed that threat of loss had a positive relationship on loss of resources after retirement, and also both on retirement satisfaction and depression after retirement. Hence, this suggested several avenues for intervention targeting expectations and, in turn, increasing retirees’ well-being, which are discussed. 相似文献
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Shelley M. MacDermid Laura G. De Haan Gabriela Heilbrun 《Journal of Adult Development》1996,3(3):145-158
Interest in the Eriksonian notion of generativity and its role in the lives of mature adults has recently increased. In the
present study, we examined generativity separately in the roles of wife, worker, and mother, and examined the utility of our
strategy relative to more global measurement strategies in explaining variation in well-being. Two samples of employed mothers
were studied, one sample employed in private industry and the other in a university setting. Statistical analyses demonstrated
that measurement equivalence existed across the two samples (i.e., that the patterns and magnitudes of factor loadings did
not differ significantly). For 8 of 11 indices of well-being examined across the two samples, role-specific measures of generativity
explained significantly greater variation than did global measures. 相似文献
127.
Tool use by naked mole-rats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber, Rodentia: Bathyergidae) excavate extensive subterranean burrows with their procumbent incisors. Captive individuals often
place a wood shaving or tuber husk behind their incisor teeth and in front of their lips and molar teeth while gnawing on
substrates that yield fine particulate debris. This oral barrier may prevent choking or aspiration of foreign material. Consistent
use of tools has rarely been reported in rodents.
Received: 14 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 9 April 1998 相似文献
128.
Topa Cantisano G Morales Domínguez JF Depolo M 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2008,11(1):207-218
Although sexual harassment has been extensively studied, empirical research has not led to firm conclusions about its antecedents and consequences, both at the personal and organizational level. An extensive literature search yielded 42 empirical studies with 60 samples. The matrix correlation obtained through meta-analytic techniques was used to test a structural equation model. Results supported the hypotheses regarding organizational environmental factors as main predictors of harassment. 相似文献
129.
Blake MG Boccia MM Acosta GB Höcht C Baratti CM 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(2):192-200
CF-1 male mice were trained in an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. A single gabapentin (GBP) administration (50mg/kg, ip) immediately after training enhanced retention performance when mice were tested 8 days after training. On the contrary, when the same dose of the anticonvulsant drug was given twice a day for 7 days (repeated treatment), a significant impairment on retention performance 12h after the last injection of GBP was observed. When the retention test was delayed 7 days after the end of the repeated treatment, the retention performance was not significant different from the control group, whereas if the retention test was delayed 14 days, retention performance was higher than control group but similar to that observed when GBP was administered once immediately after training. The impairment on retention performance was correlated with a significant decrease in the high affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus at the end of the retention test. The pretest administration of the direct muscarinic cholinergic agonist oxotremorine (50 microg/kg, ip) reversed the impairment on retention performance. This reversion was prevented by the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, ip). Taken together, these results suggest that the impairment on retention performance of an IA task in mice induced by repeated administration of GBP affected memory retrieval but not memory consolidation and that this impairment may be attributable to a reduction on central cholinergic activity. 相似文献
130.
Melbourne F. Hovell Elaine J. Blumberg Sandy Liles Linda Powell Theodore C. Morrison Gabriela Duran Carol L. Sipan Susan Burkham Norma Kelley 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2001,79(3):347-355
Youth in alternative schools often engage in high rates of risk behaviors for AIDS and violence. This study included 42 youth, ages 13 to 18, from alternative schools in San Diego, CA, and tested the effectiveness of behavioral skills training based on the Behavioral‐Ecological Model. Two interventions were evaluated: one teaching condom use skills and the other teaching anger management skills. Changes in most skills were significant at postintervention but were not maintained at 6 months. Few risk‐related attitudes or behaviors improved at 6 months for either group. 相似文献