Training improves inhibitory control in water rescue dogs

Animal Cognition - Inhibitory control is a collection of several processes that are aimed to refrain from any impulsive response in the subject during inappropriate situations. Evidence suggests...     

QT & RR variability spots the earliest autonomic deregulation in diabetes. Fading of vagal sino-atrial drive but not of sympathetic ventricular responsiveness to life challenges.

27 consecutive insulin-dependent diabetic patients (pts), under 50 years, with blood glucose controlled within normal limits and no significant or multiple cardiovascular/neurological complications in the lights of clinical tests, went through a protocol as follows: laiddown at relaxed rest for 10 min, then stood-up quietly for 7 min, and finally experienced a stress-interview for 10 min while supine. A thoracic ECG lead was digitized at I ms (Codas, Dataq Instr.), RR and QT intervals were software-detected, resampled at 500 ms, and Fourier-transformed over 3 min epochs to get auto-or cross-spectra. RR-by-QT mean square coherence detached the RR-independent fraction of QT low fequency (LF) spectral power, called idioventricular QT-LF. We detected autonomic impairment of three types (discriminant score = 92.31%), presumably differentiated upon the locus of lesion, using RR's basal variance and mean RR shortening when standing as follows: (I) RR shortening > 200 ms in 10 pts; (II) normal RR shortening but no RR variance in 4 pts; (III) stiff RR around 600 ms and no RR variance in 2 pts. The above pts have been excluded from further analysis. The remaining 11 pts with no such impairments (5M and 6F, 36.4 y +/- 4.4 SD, history of 6.0 y +/- 5.2) have been compared with 11 normal subjects in an age and gender-paired control group in two steps. Step 1: Preliminary MANOVA/ANOVA showed significant effects on the ensemble of spectral variables of every single factor (status: normal or patient group; intervention; gender) with no significant factor interactions. Significant effects of intervention or status on main RR spectral variables and on a few QT spectral variables were also documented. Step 2: Non-parametric tests showed that diabetics had (mildly to moderately) shorter mean RR, while their RR-LF was always significantly lower than those found in normals--a difference propagated to QT-LF but not to idioventricular QT-LF. In the intra-group there were similar responses to interventions except stress with respect to mean RR. Consistent reduction in RR-LF under moderate or no change in mean RR suggests vagal down- regulation that, judging by idioventricular QT-LF showing, goes perhaps before a similar process with sympathetic control of ventricles. This phase delay may introduce an early arrhythmic risk worth dealing with in secondary prevention.     

The dynamic infrastructure of mind—A hypothesis and some of its applications

A mechanism underlying the computational properties of the cognitive architecture is construed based on a minimal list of operational clusters. This general processing mechanism constitutes the dynamic infrastructure of mind (DIM). DIM consists in categories of mental operations foundational for learning that contain inborn components called inner operations, which are self-developing in the interaction mind-environment. Within the DIM paradigm, the input cognitive systems are not domain specific or core-knowledge specific, they are operational specific and capable of further developments that become domain specific while experiencing the environment. Arguments for this construal come from three sources: literature review, data collected through classroom observations, and a four-year experimental study of teaching and learning mathematics in primary grades. The outcomes of that experiment led to a methodology of learning based on activating the operational infrastructure of mind, which enhances students' flexibility of thinking and predicts the capacity to solve creatively a variety of problems.     

Compound Figures: A Multi-Channel View of Communication and Psychological Plausibility

Topoi - Philosophical views of language have traditionally been focused on notions of truth. This is a reconstructive view in that we try to extract from an utterance in context what the sentence...     

Mobbing: its relationships with organizational culture and personal outcomes

A study dealing with the effects of both organizational culture and mobbing on personal and organizational outcomes of a sample of Spanish emergency workers, is reported here. It was found that there is a strong impact of organizational culture dimensions on mobbing, and that mobbing affects job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. Results concerning organizational commitment show that this variable is not a mere effect of mobbing in general, but rather that it is also a direct impact of culture on this outcome.     

“I definitely feel like a scientist”: Exploring science identity trajectories among Latinx students in a critical race theory-informed undergraduate research experience

The current study investigated science identity development among Latinx university students selected for a critical race theory (CRT)-informed undergraduate research experience. Twenty students (12 female, 8 male; M_age = 22.00; SD = 2.77) enrolled in biomedical-related majors at a 4-year university responded to open-ended questions regarding their identity as scientists at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 18 months after they began the program. Results illustrated a steady increase in the number of students identifying as scientists over 18 months. At 2 weeks into the program, only 35% of Latinx students felt like a scientist. At 6 months, 45% of Latinx students identified as a scientist. At 18 months, 70% of Latinx students reported feeling like a scientist. Results also revealed variation in science identity trajectories, with four trajectories viewed in the data: (1) consistent or fast achievement, (2) gradual achievement, (3) achievement adjustment, and (4) never reach achievement. The majority of students demonstrated a trajectory in which they reached science identity achievement (the feeling that they are “a scientist”). Our results provide evidence of the positive, longitudinal impact that a CRT-informed curriculum has on the science identity development of Latinx students. Implications surrounding future research and strategies to facilitate long-term Latinx student participation in the biomedical sciences are discussed.     

Successful adaptation of gait in healthy older adults during dual-task treadmill walking

Dual-task methods have been used to demonstrate increased prioritization of walking performance over cognition in healthy aging. This is expressed as greater dual-task costs in cognitive performance than in walking. However, other research shows that older adults can prioritize cognitive performance over walking when instructed to do so. We asked whether age-related cognitive prioritization would emerge by experimentally manipulating cognitive difficulty. Young and older adults performed mental arithmetic at two levels of difficulty, alone or while walking. Electromyography and footswitches were used to measure muscle activity and stride parameters. Under high cognitive load, older adults increased their stride time, stride length, and hamstring activity, while maintaining their cognitive performance. Young adults showed negligible dual-task costs in each domain. The older adults appeared to successfully adapt their stride in response to high cognitive demands. The results have implications for neural models of gait regulation, and age differences in task emphasis.