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171.
Federica Invernizzi Juan Manuel Falomir‐Pichastor Daniel Muntoz‐Rojas Gabriel Mugny 《Journal of applied social psychology》2003,33(9):1818-1836
The study examined the effects of the status of the source in personally relevant persuasion contexts. Smokers (N= 117) with either weak or strong identity as smokers were exposed to an anti‐smoking message, targeting either the tobacco industry or smokers, and attributed either to a health institute or a neighborhood association. The main dependent variable was the change in intention to quit smoking. As expected, the neighborhood association was considered more respectful of the freedom of choice of the target than was the health institute. In high personal relevance conditions (i.e., participants with strong identities as smokers and message explicitly targeting smokers), smokers strengthened their intention to quit smoking when the source was the neighborhood association, but decreased it when the source was the health institute. Implications for health campaign implementation are discussed. 相似文献
172.
Juan Manuel Falomir‐Pichastor Fabrizio Butera Gabriel Mugny 《European journal of social psychology》2002,32(2):209-222
In a 2 × 2 design, after listing important personal reasons for smoking, 70 smokers were randomly told either that they had sufficient reasons for smoking (low internal constraint to change) or that they did not have sufficient reasons (high internal constraint to change) and were exposed to an anti‐smoking message from a source with either expert (high external constraint to change) or non‐expert (low external constraint to change) status. The main dependent variable was change in intention to give up smoking. The analyses revealed the predicted interaction between external and internal constraint: High internal constraint increased non‐expert influence but not expert influence. Supplementary analysis showed that, when internal constraint was high, non‐expert influence was related to the perceived quality of the message whereas when internal constraint was low, expert influence was related to the source's perceived motivation to inform, i.e. rather than to convince. These results were predicted on the basis of the link that targets establish in social influence settings between constraints to change that are internal (i.e. related to their personal beliefs, feelings or attitudes) and those that are external (i.e. related to the characteristics of the persuasive communication such as the status of the source). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
173.
Brandon D. Stewart William von Hippel Gabriel A. Radvansky 《Psychological science》2009,20(2):164-168
ABSTRACT— Older adults express greater prejudice than younger adults, but it is not clear why. In a community-based sample, we found that older White adults demonstrated more racial prejudice on an implicit measure, the race Implicit Association Test, than did younger adults. Process-dissociation procedures indicated that this difference in implicit prejudice was due to older adults having less control of their automatic prejudicial associations rather than stronger automatic prejudicial associations. Furthermore, this age difference in control was mediated by age-related deficits in inhibitory ability. White participants showed stronger automatic prejudicial associations than did Black participants. 相似文献
174.
175.
Gabriel Sandu 《Synthese》1994,99(3):345-360
I introduce a formal language called the language of informational independence (IL-language, for short) that extends an ordinary first-order language in a natural way. This language is interpreted in terms of semantical games of imperfect information. In this language, one can define two negations: (i) strong or dual negation, and (ii) weak or contradictory negation. The latter negation, unlike the former, can occur only sentence-initially. Then I argue that, to a certain extent, the two negations match the distinction existing in natural languages between sentential and constituent negation. As a corollary, I derive the fact that there are no mechanical rules for forming the contradictory negation of an English sentence. 相似文献
176.
Joseph P. Allen Gabe Kuperminc Susan Philliber Kathy Herre 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(5):617-638
Explored the mechanisms by which a well-validated intervention to prevent school failure, suspension, and teenage pregnancy
produces its effects, using site-level data from 66 sites involving over 1,000 students participating in national replication
of the Teen Outreach Program. Multiple informants provided data on operating characteristics of each site. These were then
used to explain differences across sites in levels of success in reducing youth problem behaviors using a pre-post design
and a well-matched comparison group. In accord with predictions from developmental theory, middle school sites that promoted
student autonomy and relatedness with peers and with site facilitators achieved significantly greater levels of success in
reducing problem behaviors. Offering volunteer experiences perceived as teaching middle school students new skills and leaving
them real choices about the type of work they did was also linked to program success. Although the program was equally sucessful
with students from a wide range of sociodemographic backgrounds, links of program factors to site-level outcomes were found
only for middle school but not high school sites. Implications of these findings for the development of programmatic interventions
targeted at adolescents are discussed.
The Teen Outreach program and its evaluation have been supported by grants from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, the Lila
Wallace Reader's Digest Fund and other sources. We also thank the Association of Junior Leagues International, local Junior
Leagues around the country, and the students and facilitators who made this program possible. The Spencer and W. T. Grant
Foundations also provided support to the first author for the write-up of this study. 相似文献
177.
Serge Larive Bernard Boulerice Franois Perrier Gabriel La Rocque 《International journal of psychology》1997,32(4):247-263
The goal of this study is the elaboration of a computerized diagnostic instrument based on Siegler's rule-assessment approach for assessing the acquisition of the probability quantification scheme in subjects aged 6–18 years. Three versions of the test were used. Version 1 was Siegler's original version (four types of problems and four rules). In version 2 five new rules were added; version 3 contained the five new rules plus eleven types of problems. Results show that version 1 allows the classification of only 50% of subjects; version 2, 60%; and version 3, 70%. Despite improved versions, some weaknesses remain, the most important one being that it is still impossible to evaluate intra-individual variability. Aware of these limits, Siegler has reassigned his model to a local model of problem solving, and suggests a developmental model of information processing inspired by a Darwinian model of variation and strategy selection. The authors hypothesize that computer engineering could not only reaffirm the general status of the rule-assessment approach, but could also allow consideration of intra-individual variability. 相似文献
178.
Gabriel M. Kiely 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1984,12(1):92-100
There are many reasons why people experience marital dissatisfaction. This paper is concerned with those who experience dissatisfaction not as a result of individual personality problems but as a result of the impact of social change on contemporary marriage. On the whole, these people are emotionally mature even if they present, initially, with 'clinical' symptoms. The paper identifies the effect of social change on such couples and suggests an approach to marriage counselling designed specifically to meet their needs. Background material is provided by a study of 40 couples seen for marriage counselling in a psychiatric clinic. 相似文献
179.
Gabriel A. Radvansky William M. Hartmann Brad Rakerd 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1992,52(3):256-262
The scale illusion (Deutsch, 1975) shows the importance of frequency range in the perceptual organization of a sequence of notes. This paper includes three experiments on the scale illusion. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that if the structure of the pattern of notes used in the original scale illusion study is altered slightly, by adding or subtracting a pair of notes from the ends of the sequence, there is a significant decrease in the rate of frequency-based responses, suggesting a weaker illusion. Experiment 3 investigated two features of the note patterns that may have led to this change. Specifically, it asked whether the decrease in the strength of the illusion is due to (1) the nature of the notes at the extremes of the frequency range and/or (2) the nature of the notes at the crossing point of the two scales. While both sources were found to affect the strength of the scale illusion, the former had a greater influence. 相似文献
180.
Scaling techniques were presently applied to perceptions of inkblots, to empirically delineate the relationship between their stimulus properties and the nature of verbal associations elicited in projective testing. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was administered in group form to a relatively diverse group of college students. Subjects also individually rated the similarity of pairs of the HIT inkblots. Similarity judgments were analyzed via a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach which recovered dimensions of variations among blots. The MDS procedures also captured variation across subjects in their utilization of blot stimulus properties. MDS solutions generally reflected differences among the blots along dimensions of physical characteristics of the blots. Differences in responsiveness of subjects to these characteristics appeared to reliably reflect meaningful substantive distinctions among subjects, many of which were not captured by traditional HIT variables. Implications were discussed in terms of further MDS applications and possible re-evaluation of HIT variables or procedures. 相似文献