认知训练对不同类型考试焦虑的作用

以163名高中一年级学生为被试,采用现场实验法考察了认知训练对认知主导型考试焦虑(C型)、生理唤醒主导型考试焦虑(P型)和学习技能缺乏型考试焦虑(S型)的作用效果.结果表明:认知训练能显著地降低三种考试焦虑类型的状态考试焦虑,提高C型和P型的考试成绩.认知训练在降低考试焦虑和提高考试成绩两方面对C型考试焦虑者作用尤为明显.认知训练没有表明对S型考试焦虑者有提高考试成绩的作用.     

大学生实时距、空时距估计的比较研究

本研究采用2(空时距、实时距)×8(1秒～8秒)的实验设计,以224名大学生为被试,考察了不同类型、不同长度的时距估计特点,结果发现;(1)时距类型在时距估计中存在主效应,在本实验中,1秒～8秒条件下实时距估计比空时距准确;(2)时距长度在时距估计中存在主效应,时距估计所产生的误差随时距长度的增加而增大;(3)时距类型与时距长度之间存在交互作用,对实时距、空时距估计进行曲线估计及预测,发现两类时距估计呈现动态特征,1845052秒之前实时距估计比空时距准确,之后空时距估计比实时距准确,两类时距估计曲线的变化速度也呈交替上升趋势。     

DNA世纪之回顾——浅析科学发现的要素

DNA作为生物遗传物质,它的发现是一个伟大的历史事件,具有所有科学发现的共性,回顾一个世纪的DNA发现的科学史,可以升华出许多的哲学观点和理论。经验和推理是科学赖以建立的两根支柱,一定历史条件下学科的交叉与渗透对科学发现有重大意义。分析科学的继承与DNA双螺旋结构的提出、DNA双螺旋发现中科学家的创造性思维及思维方式的选择等几个方面,旨在总结科学发展的经验,从而更加理性、主动地发展科学。     

建筑有学问,风水是迷信

近几年,风水术又流行起来。风水先生不足论,在一些学者的言论和论著中,也把风水说成是建筑选址的“环境科学”,比如要依山傍水,背风向阳之类。笔者经过对历史文献的考察,发现这完全是一种误解。兹将结果发表,供有关人士参考。一、风水术不是孔孟老庄及其以前的传统选择适当的地方做窝,是许多动物的本能。据研究,有些动物还有选择葬地的行为。到该死的时     

文轨及其《因明入正理论疏》

本文对文轨在因明学方面的研究做了梳理,指出文轨在《因明入正理论疏》方面的贡献有:一、深刻地揭示了因明的功用与性质。二、理清了新、古两种因三相的同异。三、揭示了同法“正取因同、兼取宗同”的逻辑观点。四、正确阐发了量智与量果的统一关系。文中还对《文轨疏》的在朝鲜和日本流传的情况做了考述,最后对《文轨疏》做了复原工作。     

教师教学监控能力的结构:一个验证性的研究

根据前期的理论研究,建构出教师教学监控能力的六成分结构,并根据这个结构深入到中小学课堂进行现场观察与访谈,由此形成教师教学监控能力量表的初步项目,再经过预试,初步的项目分析与修订,最终形成量表。     

In search of the ‘Aha!’ experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem‐solving

Although the experience of insight has long been noted, the essence of the ‘Aha!’ experience, reflecting a sudden change in the brain that accompanies an insight solution, remains largely unknown. This work aimed to uncover the mystery of the ‘Aha!’ experience through three studies. In Study 1, participants were required to solve a set of verbal insight problems and then subjectively report their affective experience when solving the problem. The participants were found to have experienced many types of emotions, with happiness the most frequently reported one. Multidimensional scaling was employed in Study 2 to simplify the dimensions of these reported emotions. The results showed that these different types of emotions could be clearly placed in two‐dimensional space and that components constituting the ‘Aha!’ experience mainly reflected positive emotion and approached cognition. To validate previous findings, in Study 3, participants were asked to select the most appropriate emotional item describing their feelings at the time the problem was solved. The results of this study replicated the multidimensional construct consisting of approached cognition and positive affect. These three studies provide the first direct evidence of the essence of the ‘Aha!’ experience. The potential significance of the findings was discussed.     

Working memory capacity of biological movements predicts empathy traits

Working memory (WM) and empathy are core issues in cognitive and social science, respectively. However, no study so far has explored the relationship between these two constructs. Considering that empathy takes place based on the others’ observed experiences, which requires extracting the observed dynamic scene into WM and forming a coherent representation, we hypothesized that a sub-type of WM capacity, i.e., WM for biological movements (BM), should predict one’s empathy level. Therefore, WM capacity was measured for three distinct types of stimuli in a change detection task: BM of human beings (BM; Experiment 1), movements of rectangles (Experiment 2), and static colors (Experiment 3). The first two stimuli were dynamic and shared one WM buffer which differed from the WM buffer for colors; yet only the BM conveyed social information. We found that BM-WM capacity was positively correlated with both cognitive and emotional empathy, with no such correlations for WM capacity of movements of rectangles or of colors. Thus, the current study is the first to provide evidence linking a specific buffer of WM and empathy, and highlights the necessity for considering different WM capacities in future social and clinical research.