Unmentionables and Ineffables: An Interpretation of Some Fregean Metaphysical and Semantical Discourse

Philosophical Studies -     

Diplomacy and Psychology: Psychological Contributions to International Negotiations,Conflict Prevention,and World Peace

Psychological science has the potential to contribute to international diplomacy, and thereby indirectly to the prevention of conflicts between and within states that may escalate to wars. In this introduction of the Special Issue on Diplomacy and Psychology, different varieties of diplomacy are first briefly introduced. Then follows an enumeration of areas of psychological research that show the greatest promise of being directly or indirectly relevant to diplomacy. These research areas include judgement and decision making in negotiations and social dilemmas, social justice, intergroup conflicts, and intercultural processes. An additional area is research on environmental policy making, whose important role needs to be better recognized in international diplomacy. Overviews are also given of the articles included in the Special Issue.     

成人期基本认知能力的发展状况研究

从横向与纵向两种角度,通过比较、分析不同年龄的成人在五项认知测验上的成绩,考察了成人期几项基本认知能力的发展状况。横向比较表明,各项能力随年龄增长基本呈不断下降趋势,但下降的显著程度在不同项目或年龄组有不同表现。纵向分析显示,经过三年,在各项测验上成绩提高或保持稳定的人数占相当大的比例;除词汇理解外,成绩降低的人数百分比从６０岁或７０岁开始大幅度提升。     

有偿献血艾滋病患者的情绪状况及影响因素分析

考察有偿献血艾滋病患者的情绪状况 ,探讨他们面临的艾滋病压力和家庭状况、周围环境、身体状况等对情绪的影响。采用Beck抑郁量表、焦虑自评量表、艾滋病压力量表作为测查工具 ,测查了 1 85名有偿献血艾滋病患者 ,并收集了他们的人口学资料和生理学指标信息。结果发现 :( 1 )有偿献血艾滋病患者存在着严重的情绪障碍 ,他们的焦虑程度不但显著高于正常人 ,而且显著高于神经衰弱者和焦虑症者 ,且 92 %的患者有中、重度抑郁障碍 ;( 2 )身体症状和情绪 /生存压力能够显著预测焦虑的程度 ,社会压力和情绪 /生存压力能够显著预测抑郁的程度。因此 ,有偿献血艾滋病患者抑郁、焦虑情绪障碍严重 ,症状和艾滋病压力是情绪障碍的有效预测因素。     

自我职业选择测验(SDS)的试用报告

本研究对自我职业选择测验 (SDS) 1 985年版进行了修订 ,并在武汉市中学生中进行了适用性的验证。在原测验中译本基础上 ,进行了项目修改、项目分析、信效度检验等标准化工作。结果表明 :①该测验具有良好的项目特性 ;②该测验同质性信度、分半信度均达到一般心理测验要求标准 ;③该测验结构效度与效标关联效度亦较为理想 ;④个别项目仍有待于进一步修改 ,取样还应面向全国 ,以利于进一步的推广作用。在武汉市中学生中的试用结果表明 :①该测验可以作为中学生职业辅导的选用工具 ;②在该测验中使用标准分代替粗分更具科学性。     

分类与"社会整合"——与涂尔干的隐匿对话

作品的命运在很大程度上取决于社会的需要,正如福柯所言,任何话语/实践实际上都必须以非话语/实践为前提并受它的制约.著作(话语/实践)必然在非著作(非话语/实践)的背景下才能获得其成功的机遇.在被吉登斯誉为社会学界"经典的三雄"中,马克思最为国人推崇与熟知,但我们不可忘记,马克思主义理论登陆中国,与当时革命救亡的实践不无关系;时代迁移,韦伯凭借他对民族国家现代化过程中理性化吊诡现象的精辟诊断以及对中国问题的直接切入,一度在中国燃起了"韦伯热";现在该是对"涂尔干遗产"进行清理的时候了.     

Understanding Advice in Supportive Interactions

Previous research on advice in supportive interactions has focused on the influence of facework, and has not systematically considered the effects of advice content. Further, this research has obtained quality evaluations of researcher‐constructed messages rather than assessing the outcomes of naturally occurring advice. The current study examines the relative influence of advice content characteristics (usefulness, feasibility, and absence of limitations), facework, and support‐seekers' receptiveness to advice on advice message quality evaluations and advice outcomes (facilitation of coping, sufficiency of support, and intention to implement the advice). Participants (N = 280) completed questionnaires reporting on a recent instance of receiving advice with regard to a personal problem. Results indicated that the predictor variables had diverse impacts on message evaluations and outcomes. Absence of limitations and support‐seeker receptiveness to advice had the most consistent influence across the dependent variables. Facework had a less consistent influence, but did have a major impact on facilitation of coping.     

重视直肠癌术后局部复发的防治

直肠癌术后局部复发是临床关注的重点与难点问题.术前准确分期、评估,选择合理治疗方案和术式,是防治局部复发的先决条件.手术遵循全直肠系膜切除(TME)原则,保证断端切缘和环周切缘完整、无癌细胞残留是防治局部复发的关键.新辅助治疗可降低T3、T4期直肠癌局部复发率.发挥直肠癌多学科综合治疗模式优势对防治直肠癌局部复发有重要作用.     

癌症患者临床决策倾向性的研究

为了解癌症患者对医生、自己和家属意见的临床决策倾向性,采取问卷调查和半结构访谈相结合的方法,调查120例住院癌症患者的临床决策倾向性.结果显示,(1)生活习惯相关决策,实际和理想的患者自己倾向性构成比值最高,为40%和33%;求医行为方面家属最高.实际和理想均为50%;常规检查、总体治疗方案、手术、化疗和放疗相关决策方面均为医生最高,分别为100%、90%、100%、90%和100%;(2)癌症患者理想和实际的临床决策倾向性构成比值均无差异(P>0.05),但访谈显示29.17%的患者认为目前决策状态不理想.提示:(1)癌症患者在不同方面的临床决策倾向性有所不同.(2)癌症患者对临床决策状态基本满意,但有患者希望医生参与沟通更多或自己参与更多.     

An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation

Meditation is an ancient spiritual practice, which aims to still the fluctuations of the mind. We investigated meditation with fMRI in order to identify and characterise both the “neural switch” mechanism used in the voluntary shift from normal consciousness to meditation and the “threshold regulation mechanism” sustaining the meditative state. Thirty-one individuals with 1.5–25 years experience in meditation were scanned using a blocked on–off design with 45 s alternating epochs during the onset of respectively meditation and normal relaxation. Additionally, 21 subjects were scanned during 14.5 min of sustained meditation. The data were analysed with SPM and ICA. During the onset of meditation, activations were found bilaterally in the putamen and the supplementary motor cortex, while deactivations were found predominately in the right hemisphere, the precuneus, the posterior cingulum and the parieto–temporal area. During sustained meditation, SPM analysis revealed activation in the head of nucleus caudatus. Extensive deactivations were observed in white matter in the right hemisphere, i.e. mainly in the posterior occipito–parieto–temporal area and in the frontal lobes. ICA identified 38 components including known baseline-resting state components, one of which not only overlaps with the activated area revealed in the SPM analysis but extends further into frontal, temporal, parietal and limbic areas, and might presumably constitute a combination of frontoparietal and cinguloopercular task control systems. The identified component processes display varying degrees of correlation. We hypothesise that a proper characterisation of brain processes during meditation will require an operational definition of brain dynamics matching a stable state of mind.