类别特征的相似性与竞争性对归类的影响

探讨新项目特征的性质对归类的影响。共包括两个实验,被试是华南师范大学180名二年级本科生。研究材料分两部分,学习材料是两类昆虫的若干类别成员,每类昆虫有6种特征;测试材料则是与学习材料的类别成员有不同相似性或竞争性的新项目,要求被试经过学习之后对新项目进行归类,然后对被试归类的一致性或确信度进行分析。实验1主要探讨新项目与类别成员相似性对归类的影响;实验2主要探讨新项目特征的竞争性对归类的影响。结果表明,匹配特征数量及其概率是相似性的两个构成因素,它们与新项目的归类概率成正比,而对立特征数量及其概率则是竞争性的两个构成因素,它们均与新项目的归类概率成反比。     

初中生受欺负状况的某些预测变量

通过问卷法和同伴提名法考察了3061名初中生在校受同伴欺负状况的特点,结果发现初中男生受欺负状况比初中女生严重,并且整个初中初中阶段男生的状况没有减缓的趋势,初中女生的受欺负状况随年级增长明显减少。同时,通过逐步回归分析发现,羞层、坏学生、老师不喜欢、同伴关系不良、欺负人等变量对初中生的受欺负状况有明显的预测作用。     

精加工推理中的文章结构清晰度效应

本研究旨在探讨文章结构清晰度对读者在阅读时所构建的精加工推理的水平和阶段的影响。研究采用让被试阅读后做推理测试题的方法 ,通过分析其答题成绩得出的结果表明 :文章的结构越清晰 ,越有利于读者在阅读的过程中进行精加工推理。     

Controlling item exposure and test overlap on the fly in computerized adaptive testing

This paper proposes an on‐line version of the Sympson and Hetter procedure with test overlap control (SHT) that can provide item exposure control at both the item and test levels on the fly without iterative simulations. The on‐line procedure is similar to the SHT procedure in that exposure parameters are used for simultaneous control of item exposure rates and test overlap rate. The exposure parameters for the on‐line procedure, however, are updated sequentially on the fly, rather than through iterative simulations conducted prior to operational computerized adaptive tests (CATs). Unlike the SHT procedure, the on‐line version can control item exposure rate and test overlap rate without time‐consuming iterative simulations even when item pools or examinee populations have been changed. Moreover, the on‐line procedure was found to perform better than the SHT procedure in controlling item exposure and test overlap for examinees who take tests earlier. Compared with two other on‐line alternatives, this proposed on‐line method provided the best all‐around test security control. Thus, it would be an efficient procedure for controlling item exposure and test overlap in CATs.     

Change in caregiver depression as a function of the Strong African American Families Program.

A randomized prevention trial contrasted families who participated in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention for rural African American parents and their 11-year-olds, with control families. This article focuses on the program's effect on primary caregivers' depressive symptoms. Among the 167 caregivers with elevated scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, SAAF participation was associated with reduced depressive symptoms, enhanced parenting, and perceived improvements in youth behavior. Change in parenting (consistent discipline, youth monitoring, and open communication) but not change in youth intrapersonal competencies significantly mediated intervention effects on caregivers' depression. Results support the link between reduced depressive symptoms and stronger family relationships, particularly the importance of enhanced parenting efficacy in alleviating depressive symptoms.     

小学教师集体效能及其对自我效能功能的调节

通过对28所小学1299名教师的问卷调查,作者主要探讨了教师集体效能在解释学校间教师心理特征各方面差异时的重要性,及其对自我效能预测功能的调节作用。多层分析结果表明,（1）教师自我效能对教师心理特征各方面的表现有显著的预测作用,这一预测作用存在学校间的差异;（2）教师集体效能高的学校,教师的工作满意度、内在动机、工作投入、同事关系满意度平均较高,离职倾向较低;（3）教师集体效能对自我效能与工作满意度等心理特征各方面的关系有显著调节作用,集体效能高的学校,自我效能对教师心理特征诸方面表现的预测力较强     

Applicability and attachment findings of the Strange Situation Paradigm in infants with visual impairment

Attachment studies with diverse populations enrich the understanding of infants’ socioemotional development by documenting both universal and idiosyncratic aspects of attachment. Given the effects of attachment in children's socioemotional outcomes, such studies are necessary to investigate the impact of children's sensory impairments on attachment development. Yet, very little attachment research has focused on infants with visual impairment (VI infants), a population in which infant–caregiver emotional exchanges through visual means are reduced/absent. We investigated the applicability of the Strange Situation Paradigm (SSP), with added instructions to compensate for degraded visual input, in 20 VI infants (with no additional disabilities and who were receiving developmental counseling). In all but 1 of the SSPs coded, VI infants displayed observable attachment behavior that was classifiable. Nineteen VI infants showed attachment by 12 months of age. Across the ages tested (fractional age range = 0.9–2.33 months), most VI infants’ attachment patterns were classified as secure and organized.     

从毕生发展的视角看健康的贫富差距

健康的贫富差距是所有个体从出生到死亡都需要面对的现实, 也是全球所有国家都存在的社会问题。目前已经有相当的理论和实证研究尝试从毕生发展的视角理解健康的贫富差距。在毕生发展研究中, 健康的贫富差距有其独特的概念和测量方式。该领域重要的理论包括累积优(劣)势假设、累积不公平模型和社会阶层文化周期模型。研究者就儿童期、青少年期、成年期和老年期的健康贫富差距开展了大量的实证研究。未来毕生发展研究和实践的可能方向包括早年和当前社会经济地位的交互作用、社会经济地位的稳定特征和情境效应、跨领域实践干预等。毕生发展视角的健康贫富差距研究有助于理解健康贫富差距的发展根源和形成过程, 是促进国民健康和开展健康公平实践工作的理论基础。     

动词理解中空间表征的激活过程

探讨动词理解中空间表征的激活过程。被试听以不同空间轴向动词作谓语的句子后辨认视觉刺激的形状。实验1以肯定句为材料探讨语义理解对视知觉任务的影响。实验2以客观原因否定句为材料排除句子表征的影响。实验3以主观原因否定句为材料探讨动词空间元素的激活机制。总的结果表明,动词理解过程中激活其表征中的空间元素,这种激活是自动的、非策略性的,不受情境中客观原因或主观意愿否定的影响。动词理解空间效应反映了语言表征中的知觉运动特征     

汉语主动句、被动句的命题表征项目顺序特点

以中国大学生为被试,采用句子—图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task )探讨了中国学生理解汉语主动句、被动句所形成的命题表征中项目顺序特点。结果表明,无论是语义水平较高的不可逆句,还是语义水平较低的可逆句,中国学生理解汉语主动句、被动句所建构的命题表征中项目顺序均为“施事→受事”。本研究结果初步表明,中国学生理解汉语主动句和被动句时,能根据它们不同的表层结构（汉语主动句的语言表达顺序为“施事→受事”、汉语被动句的语言表达顺序为“受事→施事”）建构相同的深层结构（语义内容的命题表征项目顺序“施事→受事”）,可能是一个按照“施事→受事”固定方向进行的系列认知心理加工的过程