Distribution of probability assessments for almanac and future event questions

This study examines the distribution and calibration of probability assessments given to general knowledge questions and question concerning future events. Two experiments revealed that: (1) People use certainty responses less frequently in response to questions concerning then-future events than to general knowledge questions even when the then-future event questions are easier than the general knowledge questions. (2) Indonesian students previously thought to have little grasp of probabilistic thinking, are able to give realistic probability assessments for then-future events. Cultural and task influences on our findings are discussed in relation to a procedural model of the processes involved in answering a question. We conclude that, as most applications of decision analysis involve future uncertainty, research in probability assessment should concentrate on questions concerning future events rather than on general knowledge questions.     

Murphy's Law and Counseling

Counselors like anyone else need to find as much humor as possible. Following are some humorous laws encountered by counselors.     

不同年龄人脑λ(Lambda)波的初步研究

問題 λ(Lambda)波是一种发现不久而又尚少系统探讨的较新的人脑电活动。厄凡斯(C. C. Evans)在1949年曾首先报导人脑枕叶可见一种所谓“尖波”,至1952年他才定名为λ波。λ波被认为是一种与正常生理心理现象密切相关的电活动。在光亮环境下,眼睛自由观察时,λ波的呈现就显著,但当眼睛注视一点时,该波则消失,闭眼或在黑     

Innovative Appraoches To Meeting Entrepreneurial Informational Needs: SBA Enters The XXI Century

ABSTRACT The need to take advantage of changes in information technology has never been more important. Because small business entrepreneurs will have to become more efficient and productive, the G.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) envisioned a means to ensure that small business entrepreneurs have access to the latest domestic and global information. Utilizing its vast network of resources, SBA launched two new innovative initiatives — the national Bulletin Board System (SBA On-Line) and the Business Information Centers (BICs). This article describes the critical importance up-to-date information is to small business entrepreneurs and describes the two new innovative initiatives identified above.     

Racial Diversity, Gender Equality, and SES Diversity in Christian Congregations: Exploring the Connections of Racism, Sexism, and Classism in Multiracial and Nonmultiracial Churches

We explore the possibility that racially inclusive churches are also more inclusive in SES and supportive of gender equality. We used the Lilly Survey of Congregations to compare SES diversity and attitudes toward female leadership between multiracial and nonmultiracial churches. Findings indicate that multiracial churches promote SES diversity, but not necessarily gender equality. The relationship is straightforward as it concerns SES diversity, as multiracial churches are more likely to exhibit SES diversity than nonmultiracial churches. However, we found that a good deal of the propensity of multiracial churches to support gender equality is tied to the size of cities in which they are located. Further, theology acts as a suppressor variable in that conservative multiracial churches are less supportive of gender equality than other conservative churches, while progressive multiracial churches are more supportive of gender equality than other progressive churches.     

O'NEILL'S JOURNEY

This paper considers some of the processes through which Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) dramatically shaped his inner life and through which he created his plays. These processes at their finest are evident in his composition of Long Day's Journey into Night (1941a). During its 21‐month composition, the play went through three different versions, as evidenced by the playwright's handwritten and typed materials (O'Neill, unpublished, a, b, c, d). This paper posits that each version reflects O'Neill's changing state of mind as he began to master his instinctual life, developing increasingly rich characters and creating a painful, deeply tragic vision. Thus, this paper shows that O'Neill's great artistic achievement reflected a great psychological one.