Gender and Creativity In An Afro-Arab Islamic Culture: The Case of Sudan

This study investigated the differences between males and females in creativity among a Sudanese sample of 149 males and 151 females; with ages between 15–20 years. Males and females performed about equal in one creativity test. Males performed significantly better than females on two of four creativity tests. However, females performed significantly better on the fourth test. The study showed no significant interaction between gender and education. The differences between males and females are thought to be related to the different opportunities for freedom and independence in the indigenous Sudanese culture which affect the promotion of creative thinking. These opportunities depend on the level of education as well as the degree of authoritarianism and conformity in the sociocultural system.     

Toward a Telic Vision of Human Beings: A Dialogue with Joseph F. Rychlak

Over the past 25 years, Joseph F. Rychlak has developed a unique approach to theory, research, and practice in counseling that he refers to as “rigorous humanism.” His conceptualization of human action is radically different from the mainstream understanding of human beings in scientific theory and research. His position is quite compatible, however, with the views of most practicing counselors. Rychlak's proposals have been instrumental in developing a modified view of science, upon which a research-based understanding of counseling practice can be constructed.     

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF TWO CATEGORIES OF ASSESSMENT CENTER DIMENSION RATINGS

The construct validity of assessment center final dimension ratings was examined within a nomological network of cognitive and personality measures. Four hundred forty-one employees of a large mid-western petroleum company were assessed on 11 dimensions in two broad categories and completed four tests. Results showed that several cognitive ability measures related more strongly to performance-style dimension ratings than to interpersonal-style dimension ratings, providing evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Correlation analysis and factor analysis support the two a priori interpersonal- and performance-style categories. The results suggest that final dimension ratings possess construct validity and that assessors can differentiate between two broad categories of assessment dimensions.     

Counseling Counselors: A Survey of Values

This study surveyed counselors' rates of involvement in counseling, explored whether counselors value seeing therapists of a similar theoretical orientation to their own, and examined which characteristics were important in choosing one's therapist. Of 2,000 randomly selected ACA members, with a 38% return rate, 80% were found to have attended counseling, with women seeking counseling at significantly higher rates than men. Having been in counseling varied as a function of division affiliation as well as counselor's theoretical orientation. Finally, this study also explored the characteristics deemed important in choosing one's counselor and the values counselors hold regarding involvement in their own therapy.     

USING SIGNAL-CONTINGENT EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHODOLOGY TO STUDY WORK IN THE FIELD: A DISCUSSION AND ILLUSTRATION EXAMINING TASK PERCEPTIONS AND MOOD

In this article, the advantages and drawbacks of using Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM), especially signal-contingent ESM, to study psychological variables in the workplace are described. It is argued that ESM can be a valuable tool in the field study of work, with the potential to answer different research questions than can be answered by traditional cross-sectional research. To illustrate ESM, an application of signal-contingent ESM to the examination of mood and concurrent task perceptions at work is presented. Study results indicate that both perceived goal progress and skill on task influence task enjoyment and mood. Also described and illustrated is an adaptation of pooled time-series hierarchical regression for analyzing immediate, short-term retrospective (end-of-day), and individual difference variables in a single framework. In conjunction, ESM data collection and hierarchical regression analysis provide a useful approach for studies that examine immediate work experiences.