KIRKPATRICK'S LEVELS OF TRAINING CRITERIA: THIRTY YEARS LATER

Kirkpatrick's model (1959a, 1959b, 1960a, 1960b) of training evaluation criteria has had widespread and enduring popularity. This model proposed four "levels" of training evaluation criteria: reactions, learning, behavior, and results. Three problematic assumptions of the model may be identified: (1) The levels are arranged in ascending order of information provided. (2) The levels are causally linked. (3) The levels are positively intercorrelated. This article examines the validity of these assumptions, the frequency of each level in published evaluation studies, correlations from the literature in regard to Assumptions 2 and 3, and implications for the researcher and training manager.     

The Use of Strategic Family Therapy in the School Setting: A Case Study

The authors describe a school counselor's shift from a traditional, individualized counseling approach to the use of strategic family therapy as a way of helping a young man succeed in school and leave home.     

Extending Psychotherapeutic Strategies to People With Disabilities

In the last decade mind-body strategies have evolved to extend possible counseling approaches to persons with disabilities. Using Beatrice A. Wright's principles of attention to individual needs, respect for situational complexities, and flexibility, the authors reflect on the work of Milton H. Erickson, from which modern mind-body counseling interventions can be traced. Included are strategies to develop rapport, the therapeutic use of imagery, reframing and other paradoxical techniques, and the use of metaphor in counseling with people with disabilities.     

Group Work With Catholic Priests Who Have Exited the Clerical World

Currently, a growing number of Catholic priests choose to leave the priesthood. These former priests usually feel guilt ridden, isolated, and confused. They also experience great anxiety about fitting into a secular society and about being a “displaced person.” A group approach designed to help meet the needs of these individuals is described.     

Object Relations and the Development of Values

Values acquisition as a part of the therapeutic interaction that occurs between client and therapist is a clear and focused representation of what naturally occurs between people who influence one another. As the relationship develops in therapy, and the client begins to trust the therapist, he or she also becomes inclined to emulate that therapist in greater or lesser degrees. From an object relations point of view, a developmental process unfolds between these two people, which reflects the means by which a person realizes his or her value system. The discussion begins with the etiology of identification, because according to this viewpoint, the process described above begins, and is supported by, the dynamics of identification. Referring specifically to the ideas of Heinz Kohut, the authors describe the mechanisms of idealization as the intrapsychic process most basic to the final formation of values.     

Rehabilitation Counseling and the Ex-Offender

Ex-offenders present a number of difficulties to rehabilitation counselors. Counselors must be aware of their own strengths and limitations, the special needs of their clients, and society's perceptions of ex-offenders. In many respects ex-offenders can be seen as “socially disabled” persons, subject to the same treatment as other minority groups. Both counselors and clients must work to overcome barriers in the counseling relationship. Certain affirmative approaches are discussed, including self-help groups, peer counseling, and the use of paraprofessionals.