音乐知觉的神经基础研究

音乐知觉涉及基于声音分析、听觉记忆、听觉场景分析、以及音乐的句法和语义加工的复杂的脑神经活动。同时,音乐知觉还潜在的影响情绪、自主神经系统、荷尔蒙以及免疫系统,并激活(前)运动表象。在过去的几年里,音乐加工及其神经关联方面的研究已取得了飞速的进展,主要体现为音乐知觉的神经认知模型、音乐的句法和语义加工、音乐和机体反应等领域的研究。     

基于元胞自动机的濒危植物明党参种群数量动态研究

根据3年来积累的和峨参野外实验数据,利用元胞自动机模型在计算机上模拟了濒危植物明党参(Changium smyrnioides)的种群生长动态,并选取同科的峨参(Anthriscus sylvestris)作为对照种进行比较分析。模拟结果显示,两个物种在种群中的个体数量均随生殖率m和可利用生境比率h的增大而增加,当生殖率大于0.6732时明党参种群才可在模拟时间尺度上(100年)保持不衰退;峨参生殖率的变化则不会使种群衰退,当m>9.15时,种群密度就不再增加。明党参的最小生境需求值小于峨参。明党参在h大于0.7%时,种群密度不再增加,即明党参最多只能利用生境的0.4%,峨参则可占据生境中位置的81.9%。综合分析模拟参数和结论,我们认为:明党参偏向于K策略,峨参偏向于r策略。本文相关资料对于确定明党参相应的保护措施有重要参考价值。研究元胞自动机在生态学上的初步模拟可以为将来进行更加深入的研究奠定基础。     

Evidence for separate tonal and segmental tiers in the lexical specification of words: a case study of a brain-damaged Chinese speaker

We present an acoustic study of segmental and prosodic properties of words produced by a female speaker of Chinese with left-hemisphere brain damage. We measured the location of the point vowels /a, e, [Symbol: see text], i, y, o, u/ and determined their separation in the vowel plane, and their perceptual distinctivity. Similarly, the acoustic properties of the four lexical tones were measured in the F0 x time space. The data for our brain-damaged speaker were compared with those of a healthy control speaker. Results show that the patient's vowels hardly suffered from her lesion (relative to the vowel dispersion in the healthy control speaker), but that the identifiability of the four lexical tones was greatly compromised. These findings show that the tonal errors in aphasic speech behave independently of the segmental errors, even though both serve to maintain lexical contrasts in Chinese, and are therefore part of the lexical specification of Chinese words. The present study suggests that the specification of segmental and tonal aspects of lexical entries in Chinese, and in tone languages in general, are located or processed separately in the brain.     

初婚者与再婚者择偶心理机制之比较——对西方进化心理学“初／再婚择偶市场”假说的检验

为检验西方进化心理学家Koziel和Pawlowski的"初/再婚择偶市场"假说,依同样方法对天津的653份征婚启事样本进行了内容分析,结果发现(1)Koziel和Pawlowski的"初/再婚择偶市场"假说的五个操作性假设基本未获得验证;(2)年龄变量较婚姻状态变量对择偶策略的选择具有更强预测力;(3)进化心理学的某些重要假设,如男性身高优势假设获得了验证.结论进化心理学意义上的择偶心理机制存在显著差异的"初/再婚择偶市场"在中国还并不存在.     

Studying suicide with psychological autopsy: social and cultural feasibilities of the methodology in China

As China opens its door to the world, suicide research is making rapid progress using methods and instruments developed in the West. This is a feasibility study of the psychological autopsy methodology applied in China, with its emphasis on the social and cultural environments. With samples of 66 completed suicides and 66 community normal living controls, the authors found that it is feasible to interview at least two informants for each suicide case and each control, between 2 and 6 months after the suicide. With the Chinese-cultivated contacting method of recruiting cases, the refusal rate is nearly zero. The Western-developed methodology per se proved to be valid in the Chinese culture. Ethical considerations in the context of Chinese culture are as important as in the West. Psychological autopsy technique is shown to be an equally applicable method for the study of completed suicides in Chinese culture as it is in the West. Future epidemiological research on Chinese suicide should use the psychological autopsy method to collect data from larger samples in order to increase our understanding of the risk factors for Chinese suicides.     

初中生社会交往策略的发展及其与同伴接纳的关系

采用自编初中生社会交往策略问卷考察了北京市两所普通中学314名初中生的社会交往策略。研究表明:自编初中生社会交往策略问卷具有较好的信度与效度,均达到心理测量学要求;初中生开始交往情境的消极表现策略,冲突解决情境的回避性、求助第三者和消极表现三种策略,维持交往情境的消极表现、求助第三者以及被动等待三种策略存在显著的年级差异;初中生开始交往情境的消极表现和回避策略,冲突解决情境的消极表现和妥协顺从两种策略,维持交往情境中的消极表现策略存在显著的性别差异;同伴接纳水平不同的初中生在开始交往情境的消极表现策略,冲突解决情境的沟通协商、消极表现和妥协顺从三种策略以及维持交往情境的消极表现、回避性和积极沟通三种策略上存在显著差异。     

评价中心的构想效度谜题:测量维度还是活动?

评价中心是一种高保真度的情境模拟,它被设计用来在多种与工作相关的活动中测量多项维度.30年来的大量研究发现,评价中心具备良好的内容效度和效标关联效度,但构想效度却始终不理想,评价中心评分反映的总是由活动而非预先设想的维度带来的效应.这一评价中心“构想效度谜题”吸引了大量研究关注,并逐步形成了维度中心取向、活动中心取向及交互作用取向三种主要观点,分别主张控制各种误差因素以改善维度测量、放弃维度而转向活动或任务以及关注维度与活动的共同作用.未来研究应在传统的维度中心取向之外给予活动中心取向足够重视,并重点发展交互作用取向.     

自我不确定感对程序公正效应的调节作用:回顾与展望

自我不确定感是指个体怀疑“自我”,并且对其看法不稳定而产生的内隐与外显的主观感受及反应.其研究方法主要有自我报告法与情境实验法.自DeCremer和Sedikides首先通过实证研究验证了自我不确定感对程序公正效应的调节作用后,研究者们通过将自我不确定感分解为情绪自我不确定、地位不确定和归属不确定以及探讨程序公正认知机制,不断扩展了此领域的研究成果.未来可以通过自我不确定感调节效应的本土化研究,自我不确定感特质与情境成分交互作用的探讨,自我不确定感与自我肯定、信息不确定感等相关变量的关系研究,进一步深化此领域的研究.     

C1调制效应的理论评述及影响因素

C1成分是对视觉刺激最早做出反应的视皮层诱发电位,C1调制效应是指注意等因素能够影响C1振幅的现象.以往多数研究未观察到注意等因素对C1振幅的影响,仅发现注意等因素对晚于C1的P1与N1等成分存在调制作用,并有研究者据此提出延迟反馈假说.但近期研究提示,注意等因素可能会对C1成分产生影响,提示初级视皮层(V1)可能在视觉信息加工初期直接受注意调制.目前,对C1调制效应的影响因素尚未完全确定,知觉学习、负载等因素的作用尚待考察.未来研究需进一步明确C1调制效应的影响因素及实验条件.     

Reliability and Validity of the Fear of Intimacy Scale in China

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