解释康德学说的几条途径——第四届国际康德讨论会情况报告

H.劳纳教授领导的伯尔尼方法论研究所(F.格瑞特联合会)于1980年5月1日至4日召开了一次康德哲学讨论会,有十一篇论文讨论了康德哲学的各种问题。讨论会不但表明了,对康德的解释存在着巨大的困难,而且也表明了,康德的学说仍有着重要的现实意义,对康德学说的兴趣已打破了语言的界限和哲学的传统。在这一方面最突出的例证就是那些试图用(内涵)逻辑的形式方法来解释康德某些著作的论文。 L W.贝克的《康德论自然界的规律性》,E.埃     

卡尔·鲍波尔—垄断国家改良主义哲学家

在本章的标题中,我之所以这样称呼鲍波尔,是因为他的哲学主要是为德意志联邦共和国垄断国家改良主义提供理论依据效劳的。不过,我要避免使人产生这样一种印象,好象鲍波尔的哲学并没有被保守势力所利用似的。比如属于鲍波尔“批判理性主义”圈子里的托皮奇(Topitsch),就是一位露骨的保守人物。鲍波尔的哲学成了资产阶级“社会工艺学”,(Sozialtechnologie)一切变种的总根子。     

用皮肤辨别颜色

绝大多数人是用视觉系统来辨别颜色的。但是,也有人能用手指辨认颜色。心理学家扎瓦拉(Zavala)、范科特(Van Cott)、奥尔(Orr)和斯莫尔(Small)对一个自称能用手指辨认颜色的人进行了广泛的研究并于一九六七年发表了研究结果。他们用多种作业让被试辨认。有一次让被试蒙住眼睛后对不同颜色的朴克进行分类。测查证明她是成功的,超过了简单猜测的水平;能够把红色和白色、红色和兰色区别开来,但不能区别兰色和白色。另外一次测试,她能确定在她手上是否有一道光照。照射到手上     

The relationship between arousal and positive self-presentation

Investigated the validity of the hypothesis that subjects would experience arousal if they received information suggesting that they were presenting themselves to others in a negative manner. Twenty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to a control, evaluation apprehension, or negative feedback group. Subjects' heart-rate was continuously monitored as subjects' rated a series of photographs. Subjects in the evaluation apprehension group were given a cue as to how to present themselves positively whereas subjects in the negative feedback group were told, following their response to the 15th photograph, that their responses suggested maladjustment. Heart-rate change above a baseline measure revealed that an increase in heart-rate occurred only when subjects were informed that they were transmitting negative information. Such a finding supports a positive self-presentation explanation of subject motives in the psychological experiment.     

Imagery ability in recall of distance and location information

The role of visual imagery in short-term retention of movement end locations and distances was examined by comparing performances of subjects with extreme scores on the space relations section of the Differential Aptitude Test. Twelve HIGHS and twelve LOWS were tested on reproduction accuracy of six distances and six end locations immediately following presentation a 30-sec rest, a 30 sec imaginal rehearsal condition, and a 30-sec imaginal distraction condition. Initial analysis of the data provided little support for the hypothesis that HIGHS would reproduce criterion locations with more accuracy than LOWS. However, when scores of HIGHS reporting use of an imaginal coding strategy (HIGHS) were compared with LOWS who did not (LOWS), several expected findings were disclosed. HIGHS reproduced end locations with significantly less error in the immediate and imaginal rehearsal conditions, and as expected, accuracy scores for HIGHS and LOWS did not differ for the distance task. The findings suggest that when subjects employ an imaginal coding strategy, visual imagery ability may be an important factor in the retention of location information, but of little functional significance in the recall of distance.     

Impulsivity and paced tapping

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that impulsivity is positively related to both the intraindividual variability and the rate of performance of a paced tapping task. The independent variable in the tapping task were: feedback vs. no feedback; tempo; concurrent cognitive task (counting) vs. no concurrent cognitive task. Three measures of tapping performance were computed: absolute or total error of tapping, tapping rate, and the intraindividual variability of tapping. The results confirm the hypothesis that impulsivity is positively related to rate of paced tapping, although the degree of relationship varied under different experimental conditions within the paced tapping task. Intraindividual variability of tapping was not significantly related to impulsivity, but the results were suggestive of a positive relationship.     

Selective punishment of interresponse times

Lever pressing by two squirrel monkeys was maintained under a variable-interval 60-second schedule of food presentation. When response-dependent electric shock was made contingent on comparatively long interresponse times, response rate increased, and further increases were obtained when the minimum interresponse-time requirement was decreased. When an equal proportion of responses produced shock without regard to interresponse time, rates decreased. Thus, shock contingent on long interresponse times selectively decreased the relative frequency of those interresponse times, and increased the relative frequency of shorter interresponse times, whereas shock delivered independent of interresponse times decreased the relative frequency of shorter interresponse times while increasing the frequency of longer ones. The results provide preliminary evidence that interresponse times may be differentiated by punishment, further supporting the notion that interresponse times may be considered functional units of behavior.     

Scoring the Rorschach: a constructive critique of Exner's Comprehensive Rorschach System

John Exner's rationale for scoring the Rorschach and his decision to score "blend" responses by assigning equal weights are critically reviewed. The resultant exclusion of new responses made during the Inquiry of the Free Association responses is viewed as a major deficiency in the Comprehensive Rorschach System. A change to Klopfer's "Main-Additional" scoring method is recommended as a corrective.     

Response rate, latency, and resistance to change

Pigeons were trained on a multiple variable-interval/variable-interval schedule with pacing contingencies that generated high response rates in one component and low response rates in the other. Timeout periods separated the schedule components. During resistance-to-change tests, response-independent food was presented during the timeout periods, and the duration of that food presentation was varied among test sessions. Response rates in the schedule components decreased and latencies to the first response increased as a function of the duration of food presentations during the timeout. Both dependent measures changed about the same amount relative to their own baseline levels. The conclusions are that baseline response rates controlled by pacing contingencies are equally resistant to change, given equal reinforcement densities, and latency is a sensitive measure of resistance to change.