异化与经济发展

本文要谈的是我们对经济的和工业的发展应持的态度.我将相当概括地从哲学上提出自己的看法,但也涉及某些专门论题.因为我们目前正在经历的是一个大规模经济调整的时期,是一个正在发生着引人注目的甚至惊人的工业和社会变革的时代.这一系列调整和变革的结果,一方面是经济的广泛现代化和结构的重大调整,另一方面是效率和生产力的提高.然而,与此同时,这些发展对于英国社会也产生着深刻的破坏性和毁灭性的影响.无数个人、共同体甚至所有地方的生活,都发生了变革,而且这样一些变革通常是以毁灭性的方式进行的.许许多多的人失掉了自己的工作,或者发现他们屈从于暴虐的工作方式,在这些工作方式中,他们的技艺被贬值,而且他们的人身自由和创造性也被消灭了.对这些发展的反应趋向于分化为两种对立的观点.一方面,这些变化或变革的辩护者倾向于从纯经济的角度思考社会问题.他们似乎习惯于坚持和关注经济的指标和参数.他们对于正在发生的一切所具有的人的方面的影响和道德向度也几乎是完全漠视的.     

意识形态的不同层级——马克思主义的意识形态批判中的认识论问题

人的思维是否具有客观的真理性，这并不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。人应该在实践中证明自己思维的真理性，即自己思维的现实性和力量，亦即自己思维的此岸性。关于离开实践的思维是否具有现实性的争论，是一个纯粹经院哲学的问题。     

道德圈的诞生

正当二次大战结束之际,仿佛是给自己不平凡的一生做结论一样,维尔纳茨基提出了智力圈概念。在这位学者死后发表的文章和著作中详述了这一理论的各项内容。维尔纳茨基写道:“科学思维强有力地改变着自然界。这一点在地壳化学元素史和生物圈结构中表现得似乎比任何地方都明显。生物圈是在整个地质时代进程中形成并通过其自身平衡而确立起来的。生物圈在人类科学思维的压力下,开始发生剧烈而又深刻的变化……显然,人的科学思维过程的这个方面是一种自然现象……”“科学思维作为生命存在物的一种表现,它实际上是不会停止运动的,它既然已在生物     

儿童对图画喻意理解的比较研究

本文针对儿童对图画中隐喻情绪的识辨和理解的发展特点 ,进行了跨文化研究。旨在探索儿童对图画喻意的敏感性的发展规律以及不同教育方式对儿童图画认知发展的影响。 3 60名 4岁到 2 0岁的中英被试参加了实验。结果表明 :在识辨作品任务及口头评价中 ,中国儿童比英国同龄儿童更早理解图画的情绪喻意 ,并很少对图画的悲伤喻意持忽略态度。提示不同文化背景下 ,儿童对图画喻意的理解存在发展上的不均衡性 ,中国的幼教方式也许促进了儿童对图画喻意理解的发展。     

Spatial training and high-frequency stimulation engage a common pathway to enhance glutamate release in the hippocampus

We have measured depolarization-induced release of endogenous glutamate in synaptosomes prepared from the dentate gyrus after the induction of LTP by high-frequency stimulation in anesthetized rats, and after training in the water maze. Both spatial training and LTP in untrained rats were accompanied by an increase in glutamate release from dentate synaptosomes. The enhancement of synaptosomal glutamate release induced by high-frequency stimulation was abolished in well-trained rats, and was reduced in partially trained rats and in rats trained in a nonspatial task. However, the magnitude of LTP was similar in well-trained and untrained groups. These results indicate that spatial training activates a glutamate release pathway that converges with that activated in LTP, and demonstrate an unexpected dissociation between increased glutamate release and LTP.     

Cerebellum and conditioned reflexes

The central assumption of existing models of motor learning in the cerebellum is that cerebellar mossy fibres signal information about the context in which a movement is to be performed and climbing fibres signal in relation to a movement error. This leads to changes in the responsiveness of Purkinje cells, which on the next occasion will generate a corrected output in a given context. Support for this view has come mainly from work on adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The discovery that classically conditioned eyeblink responses depend critically on the cerebellum offers the possibility to study the learning of a novel behaviour, rather than modification of an existing reflex. After repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus, such as a tone, with a blink-eliciting stimulus, the tone will acquire the ability to elicit a blink on its own. We review evidence from studies employing a wide variety of techniques that the cerebellum is critical in this type of learning as well as evidence that mossy and climbing fibres have roles assigned to them in cerebellar learning models.     

Minds of their own

by Lesley J. Rogers, Allen & Unwin, 1997. $16.95 (x+212 pages) ISBN 1 86448 504 3.     

The role of stimulus preexposure in problem solving by Octopus vulgaris

Octopus vulgaris is able to open transparent glass jars closed with plastic plugs and containing live crabs. The decrease in performance times for removing the plug and seizing the prey with increasing experience of the task has been taken to indicate learning. However, octopuses’ attack behaviors are typically slow and variable in novel environmental situations. In this study the role of preexposure to selected features of the problem-solving context was investigated. Although octopuses failed to benefit from greater familiarity with the training context or with selected elements of the task of solving the jar problem, the methodological strategies used are instructive in potentially clarifying the role of complex problem-solving behaviors in this species including stimulus preexposure and social learning. Received: 27 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 24 July 1998     

A computational and perceptual account of motion lines

To indicate motion in a static drawing, artists often include lines trailing a moving object. The use of these motion lines is notable because they do not seem to be related to anything in the optic array. The dynamic behavior of a neural-network model for contour detection is analyzed and it is shown that it generates trails of oriented responses behind moving stimuli. The properties of the oriented response trails are shown to correspond to motion lines. The model generates trails of different orientations depending on the speed and length of the movement, and thereby predicts different uses of two types of motion lines. The model further predicts that motion lines should bias real motion in some situations. An experiment relating motion lines to ambiguous motion percepts demonstrates that motion lines contribute to motion percepts.     

过去时间的心理结构

４０８名大学生被试用秒、分、小时、日、星期、年和月７个时间单位和模糊统计试验方法对４０个不定的过去时间修饰词作经验赋值,结果显示：（１）过去时间和未来时间在心理结构上是对称的,分为三个心理时间段,即以秒和分为计时单位的“较近的过去”和“较近的未来”,以小时、日和月为计时单位的“近的过去”和“近的未来”,和以年为计时单位的“远的过去”和“远的未来”。（２）随着时间修饰词的词义离现在由近至远,其词义地