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141.
The measurement of “switch costs” is held to be of interest because, as is widely believed, they may reflect the control
processes that are engaged when subjects switch between two (or more) competing tasks. [In task-switching experiments, the
reaction time (RT) switch cost is typically measured as the difference in RT between switch and non-switch (repeat) trials.]
In this report we focus on the RT switch costs that remain even after the subject has had some time to prepare for the shift
of task, when the switch cost may be approximately asymptotic (so-called residual switch costs). Three experiments are presented.
All three experiments used Stroop colour/word, and neutral stimuli. Participants performed the two tasks of word-reading and
colour-naming in a regular, double alternation, using the “alternating runs” paradigm (R. D. Rogers & S. Monsell, 1995). The
experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that RT switch costs depend on a form of proactive interference (PI) arising
from the performance of a prior, competing task. A. Allport, E. A. Styles and S. Hsieh (1994) suggested that these PI effects
resulted from “task-set inertia”, that is, the persisting activation-suppression of competing task-sets, or competing task-processing
pathways. The results confirmed the existence of long-lasting PI from the competing task as a major contributor to switch
costs. Non-switch trials, used as the baseline in the measurement of switch costs, were also shown to be strongly affected
by similar PI effects. However, task-set inertia was not sufficient to account for these results. The results appeared inconsistent
also with all other previous models of task switching. A new hypothesis to explain these between-task interference effects
was developed, based on the stimulus-triggered retrieval of competing stimulus-response (S-R) associations, acquired (or strengthened)
in earlier trials. Consistent with this retrieval hypothesis, switch costs were shown to depend primarily on the S-R characteristics
of the preceding task (the task that was switched from) rather than the upcoming task. Further, the effects of the other,
competing task were found to persist over many successive switching trials, affecting switch costs long after the stimulus
overlap (and hence the principal S-R competition) between the current tasks had been removed. Switch costs were also found
to be affected by recent, item-specific experience with a given stimulus, in either the same or the competing task. Finally,
the results showed that switch costs were massively affected by the ratio of the number of prior trials, in response to the
same stimuli, that had implemented either the currently intended or the competing S-R mappings. None of these effects are
predicted by current models of residual switch costs, which appeal to the differences in control processes assumed to be engaged
in switch versus non-switch trials.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
142.
We propose an extension of a systemic model for object recognition formulated by Rybak et al (1998 Vision Research 38 2387-2400) which is based on the functional organisation of the visual systems in primate brains. In contrast to the learning and recognition scheme of Rybak et al we do not assume a behavioural paradigm, i.e. a visuomotor programmed scanpath that determines the sequence of foveation on the different parts of the object. As in the basis architecture of Rybak et al, the system modules are separated into 'what'-like subsystems corresponding to the ventral occipito-inferotemporal visual path and 'where'-like complexes analogous to the dorsal occipito-parietal visual path. The 'what' system analyses local features in the actual foveation as in Rybak et al. But, in our case, the 'where' memory, instead of programming a behavioural scanpath, scores the spatial relationship between successive fixation and the spatial relationship between the associated main edges. The recognition is based on the identification of parts and their spatial relationship. This gives the learning and recognition mechanisms more flexibility in the sense that, for recognising an object, several different fixation sequences may be accepted. 相似文献
143.
Pollok B Prior H Güntürkün O 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2000,114(2):148-157
The development of object permanence was investigated in black-billed magpies (Pica pica), a food-storing passerine bird. The authors tested the hypothesis that food-storing development should be correlated with object-permanence development and that specific stages of object permanence should be achieved before magpies become independent. As predicted, Piagetian Stages 4 and 5 were reached before independence was achieved, and the ability to represent a fully hidden object (Piagetian Stage 4) emerged by the age when magpies begin to retrieve food. Contrary to psittacine birds and humans, but as in dogs and cats, no "A-not-B error" occurred. Although magpies also mastered 5 of 6 invisible displacement tasks, evidence of Piagetian Stage 6 competence was ambiguous. 相似文献
144.
LINDZEY G 《Psychological bulletin》1959,56(2):158-168
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A study of anxiety and learning 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
150.