The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions

The prevalence and cost of chronic pain is a major physical and mental health care problem in the United States today. As a result, there has been a recent explosion of research on chronic pain, with significant advances in better understanding its etiology, assessment, and treatment. The purpose of the present article is to provide a review of the most noteworthy developments in the field. The biopsychosocial model is now widely accepted as the most heuristic approach to chronic pain. With this model in mind, a review of the basic neuroscience processes of pain (the bio part of biopsychosocial), as well as the psychosocial factors, is presented. This spans research on how psychological and social factors can interact with brain processes to influence health and illness as well as on the development of new technologies, such as brain imaging, that provide new insights into brain-pain mechanisms.     

情绪、情绪调节策略与情绪材料记忆的关系

研究采用实验法,以288名中小学生为被试,考察了不同情绪状态、不同情绪调节策略与不同类型情绪材料记忆的关系。结果表明:(1)快乐情绪的再认反应时短于悲伤情绪,快乐情绪的再认正确率高于悲伤情绪。(2)表达抑制策略下,词汇与图片的再认反应时无显著差异;认知重评策略下,词汇的再认反应时短于图片;对词汇和图片的再认反应时,认知重评组短于表达抑制组;认知重评组的再认正确率高于表达抑制组。(3)快乐材料再认反应时短于悲伤材料;快乐情绪下快乐材料的再认正确率高于悲伤材料,悲伤情绪下悲伤材料的再认正确率高于快乐材料。     

The China Puzzle: Falling Happiness in a Rising Economy

Over the 1990–2000 decade happiness in China plummeted despite massive improvement in material living standards. This finding contradicts the notion that income growth at low living standards leads to gains, not losses, in happiness. We explain this puzzle by drawing on a specific version of relative deprivation theory, the concept of “frustrated achievers.” Our major finding is that income inequality in China became increasingly skewed towards the upper income strata, so that related to the average income the financial position of most Chinese worsened. Consequently, financial dissatisfaction rose and became an increasingly important factor in depressing happiness. Other negative feelings emerging with rapid transitions, such as anomie and disaffection, show a less depressive effect on Chinese happiness. We conclude with some speculations about the applicability of our findings to transition economies in general.

幼儿汉语字形和语义与图形加工速度的发展与比较

测量了127名4-7岁幼儿基线速度、汉字字形、语义和图形加工速度的年龄差异.结果发现:(1)基线速度的反应时随年龄增伽而缩短,正确率不发生变化,对不同加工速度的年龄变化具有部分中介作用.(2)幼儿的三类加工速度随年龄加快,4岁儿童汉语加工水平低于图形加工水平.儿童进入小学后汉语加工水平开始提高,达到图形加工水平.(3)学龄前儿童加工汉语刺激的速度及其变化率慢于学龄初期儿童,4岁儿童的汉语语义加工能力要好于字形加工.(4)幼儿汉语空间认知水平低于空间刺激和汉字的言语认知水平.练习是造成图形加工速度、汉字语义加工速度快于汉字字形加工速度的原因之一.     

熊十力心理学思想初探——从熊氏由佛入儒的心理学思想路径谈起

熊十力早期研究佛教心理学,他采用弗洛伊德精神分析学对佛家唯识学进行诠释,首次提出“阿赖耶识”及所含藏种子相当于精神分析学所说的“潜意识”。不过他认为佛家的“阿赖耶识”有宗教“神我”观念,而儒家的“本心”更能够洞彻心源。在对佛家唯识论的心理学思想扬弃和抛却后,熊十力回归到儒家心学体系中构建其“哲学心理学”。熊氏心理学思想虽然在中国现代心理学史上没有什么地位,不过放在当时特定的时代背景来看,也会绽放出与众不同的心理学思维火花。     

反馈与情绪关系中自我调节的作用

通过考察99名中学生反馈后情绪体验、生理变化和完成假词情绪判断任务的情况,探索了反馈与情绪的关系及自我调节在其间的作用.结果表明:1)高自我调节学生在消极反馈后、低自我调节学生在积极反馈后情绪体验显著,反之不显著;2)反馈可诱发显著的情绪生理变化,高自我调节学生呼吸率和心率始终低于低自我调节学生;3)高自我调节学生反馈后假词情绪判断时间短于无反馈情况,而低自我调节学生二者判断时间差异不显著.     

利多卡因凝胶在手术室麻醉诱导后留置尿管中的应用

分析手术室麻醉诱导后留置尿管产生尿路疼痛等不良反应的原因,探讨利多卡因凝胶在克服上述反应方面的作用及其他预防措施.采用方便取样将70例留置尿管的患者分为试验组和对照组,麻醉诱导后试验组在尿管上涂抹利多卡因凝胶(0.5ml/cm)后再按常规操作插管;对照组以石蜡油为润滑剂按常规操作留置尿管.比较两组患者心率、血压情况及躁动、疼痛评分.结果提示麻醉诱导后留置尿管可以有效减轻患者清醒状态下置管引起的尿路疼痛等问题,但不能避免患者苏醒期出现上述反应;使用利多卡因凝胶可有效预防患者苏醒期出现的尿路疼痛及其它不良反应,增加患者的舒适度.     

自我与他者:教师的伦理责任与价值

师生关系首先是伦理的为他关系,学生的他性外在于教师,具有无限性和神秘性,既依赖于教师这个自我又是对其的否定与超越.教师要获得存在的意义和价值,就得尊重学生这个他者,担负起对他者的伦理责任,回应他者的诉求,具备倾听能力,与他者对话以实现"和而不同"的课堂教育.     

The Growth of Children's Semantic and Phonological Networks: Insight From 10 Languages

Children tend to produce words earlier when they are connected to a variety of other words along the phonological and semantic dimensions. Though these semantic and phonological connectivity effects have been extensively documented, little is known about their underlying developmental mechanism. One possibility is that learning is driven by lexical network growth where highly connected words in the child's early lexicon enable learning of similar words. Another possibility is that learning is driven by highly connected words in the external learning environment, instead of highly connected words in the early internal lexicon. The present study tests both scenarios systematically in both the phonological and semantic domains across 10 languages. We show that phonological and semantic connectivity in the learning environment drives growth in both production- and comprehension-based vocabularies, even controlling for word frequency and length. This pattern of findings suggests a word learning process where children harness their statistical learning abilities to detect and learn highly connected words in the learning environment.     

推理偏差:冲突察觉还是冲突抑制的失败?

双系统理论认为人类在推理过程中存在着两种类型的加工方式:一种为快速的、不受工作记忆资源影响的启发式加工; 一种为慢速的、受认知资源限制的分析式加工。通过对这两种加工类型互相作用方式的深入研究,目前已经形成了不同的加工模型,意图解决核心问题——推理偏差产生的原因。本研究从双系统加工模型入手,结合最新的行为、训练以及神经机制的研究,对导致推理偏差的原因究竟是冲突察觉还是冲突抑制的失败进行详细分析