创造性的公众观的调查研究（Ⅰ）——关于高创造性者的特征

本研究采用凋查分析的方法,在预调查的基础上,编制问卷对创造性的公众观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．公众认为高创造性者的特征主要涉及认知和人格两个方面。2．公众对高创造性者的特征的认识与专家的认识存在广泛一致,但在广度,深度和具体项目的重要性上存在不少差异。3．不同教育程度的公众对高创造性者的特征的认识总体差异显著．4．公众的性别,年龄,教育程度对高创造性者的特征的认识的某些方面影响显著或非常显著。     

司马承祯《坐忘论》的养生观

司马承祯(公元646-735年),字子微,法号道隐,河内温(今河南温县)人。司马承祯为上清派茅山宗开创人陶弘景的四传弟子,师事潘师正,遂成为茅山宗第十二代宗师,传其符及辟谷导引服饵之术,享年八十九岁。一生历经唐代太宗、高宗、中宗、武后、睿宗、玄宗六朝,颇受唐代帝王礼遇,赠银青光禄大夫,谥“贞一先生”,玄宗亲为制碑文。司马承祯是道教学者,也是养生家。他精通医理,对养生有精到的论述,撰写了《坐忘论》、《修真秘旨》、《修生养气诀》、《服气精义论》、《天隐子》等养生专著,创建了一套以三戒、五渐、七阶为核心的养生理论。尤其在《坐忘…     

Suboptimal tradeoffs in information seeking

Explicit information-seeking actions are needed to evaluate alternative actions in problem-solving tasks. Information-seeking costs are often traded off against the utility of information. We present three experiments that show how subjects adapt to the cost and information structures of environments in a map-navigation task. We found that subjects often stabilize at suboptimal levels of performance. A Bayesian satisficing model (BSM) is proposed and implemented in the ACT-R architecture to predict information-seeking behavior. The BSM uses a local decision rule and a global Bayesian learning mechanism to decide when to stop seeking information. The model matched the human data well, suggesting that adaptation to cost and information structures can be achieved by a simple local decision rule. The local decision rule, however, often limits exploration of the environment and leads to suboptimal performance. We propose that suboptimal performance is an emergent property of the dynamic interactions between cognition and the environment.     

Depression,Confidence, and Decision: Evidence Against Depressive Realism

This research examined how retrospective self-assessments of performance are affected by major depression. To test the validity of the depressive realism versus the selective processing hypotheses, aggregate posttest performance estimates (PTPEs) were obtained from clinically depressed patients and an age-matched comparison group across 4 decision tasks (object recognition, general knowledge, social judgment, and line-length judgment). As expected on the basis of previous findings, both groups were underconfident in their PTPEs, consistently underestimating the percentage of questions they had answered correctly. Contrary to depressive realism, and in partial support of the selective processing account, this underconfidence effect was not reduced but modestly exacerbated in the depressed patients. Further, whereas the PTPEs of the comparison group exceeded that expected on the basis of chance alone those of the depressed individuals did not. The results provide no support for the depressive realism account and suggest that negative biases contribute to metacognitive information processing in major depression.The results reported in this paper are based on an extension of the MSc dissertation of Tiffany Fu, conducted in partial fulfillment of the degree of MSc in Research Methods in Psychology, University of Reading, 2003     

内隐学习中表征与意识的关系

近年来研究者分别从表征的质量和表征的外显等级两个方面探讨了内隐学习中表征与意识的关系。有关表征质量与意识的研究,清晰地揭示了影响表征进入意识的因素;而有关表征外显等级与意识的研究,则明确地阐明了什么样的表征才是有意识的。但表征与意识的关系是一个十分复杂的问题,目前仍存在着很大的争议,还有待于进一步的探讨     

自控速度的平滑滚动引导式和RSVP的文本阅读

考察了在自控速度条件下 ,显示窗口、起始速度和文本显示方式等因素对视频显示终端 (videodisplayter minals,VDT)汉语文本阅读工效的影响。结果发现 :(1)在阅读正确率上 ,VDT文本的平滑滚动引导式优于快速系列视觉呈现 (rapidserialvisualpresentation ,RSVP)方式 ;(2 )阅读速度和阅读理解成绩相互代偿 ,若注重理解正确率 ,宜采用 15 0字 /分的起始速度 ;若兼顾阅读速度 ,宜采用 75 0字 /分的起始速度 ;(3)起始速度、显示窗口和文本显示方式三者共同影响了阅读绩效 ;(4 )机控速度方式的阅读效率优于自控速度方式。     

液晶显示器上字符辨认效果与观察角度及字符大小的关系

本研究从工程心理学角度,探讨了有源矩阵液晶显示器上字符辨认效果与观察角度及字符大小的关系。实验结果表明：(1)液晶显示的字符辨认效果因观察角度不同而存在显著差异,无论是在水平方向上还是下视方向上,字符辨认错误率均随着观察角度的增大而先慢后快地上升;但相比之下,水平方向上观察角度变化的容许范围大于下视方向上的容许范围;(2)液晶显示器上字符辨认效果也受字符大小的影响,并且字符大小与观察角度之间存在着显著的交互作用;当观察角度较大时,可通过加大字符尺寸来提高视觉辨认效果。     

创造性的公众观的调查研究（Ⅱ）——关于影响创造性的因素

本研究采用调查分析的方法,在预调查的基础上,编制问卷对影响创造性的因素的公众观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．公众对影响创造性的诸因素的重要性的看法存在差异。2．公众的年龄,教育程度对影响创造性的因素的看法总体影响显著。3．公众的性别、年龄、教育程度对影响创造性的因素的看法总体交互作用显著。4．公众对影响创造性的某些因素的看法分别受性别、年龄、教育程度影响显著。5．公众性别、年龄、教育程度对影响创造性的某些因素的看法交互作用显著。     

传统测谎技术研究现状与趋势

该文在国内外研究文献的基础上,简要介绍了传统测谎技术的原理与方法,并从心理测量的角度,对传统测谎技术的研究现状与问题进行了回顾与探讨,认为传统测谎技术中有待深入研究解决的主要问题包括：（1）模拟研究的代表性与现场研究的准确性,（2）测谎检测非标准化产生的高“虚报”率,（3）测谎检测信、效度的衡量标准,信、效度的提高,（4）有效的防止反测谎。据此,该文探讨了今后传统测谎技术可能的研究趋势。