Children's reasoning about evaluative feedback

Children's reasoning about the willingness of peers to convey accurate positive and negative performance feedback to others was investigated among a total of 179 6‐ to 11‐year‐olds from the USA and China. In Study 1, which was conducted in the USA only, participants responded that peers would be more likely to provide positive feedback than negative feedback, and this tendency was strongest among the younger children. In Study 2, the expectation that peers would preferentially disclose positive feedback was replicated among children from the USA, and was also seen among younger but not older children from China. Participants in all groups took the relationship between communication partners into account when predicting whether peers would express evaluative feedback. Results of open‐ended responses suggested cross‐cultural differences, including a greater emphasis by Chinese children on the implications of evaluative feedback for future performance, and reference by some older Chinese children to the possibility that positive feedback might make the recipient ‘too proud’.     

现代旅游业在英国的诞生

19世纪以来,随着英国物质财富的日益丰富,人们追求高质量精神生活的欲望变得越来越强烈。托马斯·库克把握住时代赋予的机遇,创办了世界上第一家旅行社。世界上第一家旅行社出现在英国,是各种内在因素和外在条件相互作用的结果,它标志着现代旅游业的诞生,谱写了世界旅游业的新篇章。现代旅游业的诞生给我们留下了许多有益的思考,为我国大力发展旅游业提供了很好的启示作用。     

种子说的缘起

作为对传统缘起理论的发展与重构,种子熏习学说肇端于部派时期而完成于唯识大乘.基于对业力存续与烦恼潜存等问题的探讨与思考,经量部创造性地以此学说开启了缘起理论在西北印佛法中的全面转向与重新定位.本文试图对其得以揭出的内在理路作一简要疏理.     

Feature integration is not the whole story of the sequence effects of symbolic cueing

ABSTRACT

Sequential modulations in symbolic cueing tasks have been attributed to complete versus partial repetition/alternation of stimulus features between consecutive trials. This feature-integration hypothesis is questioned by recent findings and further investigated in the present study. In the first two experiments, when the cueing axes switched between trials, only complete alternation of cue directions and target locations existed. Nevertheless, significant sequence effects were still found in this condition, which did not support the feature-integration hypothesis. Furthermore, although sequence effects were still significant when stimulus identities were manipulated in Experiment 3, it was abolished when different cue categories (gaze and arrow) were presented as cues in Experiment 4. The findings suggest that the integration of stimulus features is not the only source of the sequential effect and some higher level cognitive mechanisms, possibly as described in the task-file or task organization hypotheses, are involved in the sequential modulations of symbolic cueing.     

Resolving the paradox of the active user: stable suboptimal performance in interactive tasks

This paper brings the intellectual tools of cognitive science to bear on resolving the “paradox of the active user” [Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, MIT Press, MA, USA]—the persistent use of inefficient procedures in interactive tasks by experienced or even expert users when demonstrably more efficient procedures exist. The goal of this paper is to understand the roots of this paradox by finding regularities in these inefficient procedures. We examine three very different data sets. For each data set, we first satisfy ourselves that the preferred procedures used by some subjects are indeed less efficient than the recommended procedures. We then amass evidence, for each set, and conclude that when a preferred procedure is used instead of a more efficient, recommended procedure, the preferred procedure tends to have two major characteristics: (1) the preferred procedure is a well-practiced, generic procedure that is applicable either within the same task environment in different contexts or across different task environments, and (2) the preferred procedure is composed of interactive components that bring fast, incremental feedback on the external problem states. The support amassed for these characteristics leads to a new understanding of the paradox. In interactive tasks, people are biased towards the use of general procedures that start with interactive actions. These actions require much less cognitive effort as each action results in an immediate change to the external display that, in turn, cues the next action. Unfortunately for the users, the bias to use interactive unit tasks leads to a path that requires more effort in the long run. Our data suggest that interactive behavior is composed of a series of distributed choices; that is, people seldom make a once-and-for-all decision on procedures. This series of biased selection of interactive unit tasks often leads to a stable suboptimal level of performance.     

马克思机器理论与人工智能的相遇及反思

在《资本论》及手稿、《哲学的贫困》等文本中，马克思认为机器是基于工具与使用者的、并能够通过组合和分工形成更大生产规模的整体化技术装置。而近年来人工智能的迅猛发展使其与传统的机器概念和理论产生了张力。一方面，人工智能对传统机器的结构与功能进行了超越；另一方面，它凭借人自身的机器化以及其在现代资本主义体系中所扮演的角色而并未脱离“机器”的概念范畴。马克思的机器理论和“一般智力”理论不仅能够对当下的人工智能现象进行审视，同样能够从人与物、人与自然关系的角度对人工智能的发展进行展望。马克思机器理论与人工智能的两相对照，在某种程度上也就是唯物史观与当下技术及社会的对照。     

意识哲学还是文化哲学?——现代性研究的范式问题

在二十多年的发展中,文化哲学不论在理论体系建构上还是现实问题的研究中都取得了重要的成果,但时至今日,似乎仍要为其合法性作论证,仍要为其理论限域作界定,学界对于其“哲学回归生活世界”的主张仍有不同程度的怀疑和顾虑。之所以如此,主要是由于我们还没有对意识哲学的思维范式进行彻底的反思和检讨,这种范式仍然在主导着人们的哲学思维。文化哲学仍需解决合法性论证、理论限域的界定和批判意识哲学这三重任务,而现代性研究恰恰是澄清以上问题的“试金石”。首先,文化哲学的合法性和优先性在于对哲学之文化属性的自觉。“虽然文化一直作…     

区域文化与区域刻板印象的心理学研究范式

区域刻板印象(regional stereotype)是一种涉及知觉者的关于某个地区人群群体的知识、观念与预期的认知结构。区域刻板化既是自然环境的产物,也是社会文化的产物,区域刻板化的形成既有心理因素,也有社会因素、个体因素。