假想的道德两难情境下小学儿童对说谎或说真话的抉择

研究探讨了294名7、9、11岁的小学儿童在道德两难情境下对说谎或说真话的道德行为抉择。结果表明,在个人谎故事条件下,随着年龄的增长,儿童越来越倾向于选择说真话;在集体谎故事条件下,11岁儿童比7岁、9岁儿童更倾向于选择说谎。7岁儿童已具有初步的集体观念,随着年龄的增长,小学儿童的集体观念日趋稳定。随着年龄的增长,小学儿童更多地从诚实、为集体或为个人等多个方面来陈述说谎或说真话的理由。     

灵修和性命双修——试比较基督宗教与道教内丹的内炼思想

本文认为,基督宗教凸显的是信仰和对教会的奉献;道教内丹则更多的关注人的生命内在体验层面.基督宗教灵修是以信仰耶稣基督为基础的宗教性修炼,以上帝为中心,灵修的目的旨在建立人与天主的关系,是以"爱"为纽带以团体的方式修行,其修行方式外在、被动,忽略了人的主动性地位.这跟道教内丹以人为中心的性命双修以及"我命在我不在天" 的主动修炼有很大差异.对命功的忽视使得基督宗教的灵修在理论上难以提升,在实践上可操作性不高.但事实上,在基督宗教那里,在人与上帝的共融中,很多类似道教内丹修炼的命功体验,可能自觉或不自觉的已经发生了.     

Lying in the name of the collective good: a developmental study

The present study examined the developmental origin of 'blue lies', a pervasive form of lying in the adult world that is told purportedly to benefit a collective. Seven, 9-, and 11-year-old Chinese children were surreptitiously placed in a real-life situation where they decided whether to lie to conceal their group's cheating behavior. Children were also assessed in terms of their willingness in hypothetical situations to endorse lying or truth-telling that benefits a collective but at the same time harms an individual. Results showed that as age increased, children became more inclined to endorse lying in the name of the collective good, and to tell lies for their group themselves. Furthermore, children's endorsement about blue lies in hypothetical situations predicted their actual lying behavior.     

主观道德强度对企业道德决策的预测作用

本研究基于Jones(1991)的问题权变模型,采用情景研究法,考察主观道德强度的结构以及主观道德强度对企业道德决策的预测作用.研究选取137名MBA学生为被试,要求被试基于所提供情景中假想参与者的行为,回答随后关于道德决策(道德识别、道德判断和道德意图阶段)的问题.结果表明:1)主观道德强度是1维结构;2)主观道德强度对道德识别、道德判断和道德意图有显著预测作用 ;3)结果大小对道德识别、道德判断和道德意图有显著预测作用,而社会舆论对道德识别和道德意图有显著预测作用.     

Personality correlates of the disposition towards interpersonal forgiveness: A Chinese perspective

T his paper presents the results of three studies that investigated the nature of forgiveness, its measurement, and personality correlates in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Study 1 involved in‐depth interviews with 27 PRC cultural scholars about the concept of forgiveness and factors influencing the tendency to forgive in Chinese philosophy and everyday life. The respondents supported the relevance of this concept for Chinese societies and were able to give examples both from classical Chinese texts and their own lives. However, they also considered that preserving group harmony was the main reason to forgive and discounted the personality or religious influences commonly reported in the Western literature. Study 2 reported the adaptation of a Western forgiveness questionnaire for use with PRC respondents. Study 3 involved administering this questionnaire together with measures of self‐esteem, anxiety, impression management, and culturally appropriate constructs of face, relationship orientation, and harmony to 336 college students and 432 teachers from the PRC. As predicted, it was the latter two constructs that had the strongest correlations with the tendency to forgive in both samples. It was concluded that, in the PRC, willingness to forgive is influenced largely by social solidarity needs rather than the individualistic personality variables or religiosity reported in Western research. We hypothesize that this is due to the collectivist nature of PRC society and the results may well generalize to other collectivist cultures.     

关于动力系统中自我强化和学生期待对学习效率影响的实验研究

本实验考察了在教学活动中,动力系统中自我强化和学生期待两因素与中学生学习效率的关系。结果表明：在其它教学条件相同的情况下,适当地、适时地满足学生期待对初中生学习效率的提高有较明显的作用,而对高中学生则作用不明显;对中学生进行自我强化的训练,有助于高中生学习效率的提高,而对初中生学习效率的作用则不明显;实验中未出现交互作用。     

Children's and adults' conceptualization and evaluation of lying and truth‐telling

The present study examined children's and adults' categorization and moral judgment of truthful and untruthful statements. 7‐, 9‐ and 11‐year‐old Chinese children and college students read stories in which story characters made truthful or untruthful statements and were asked to classify and evaluate the statements. The statements varied in terms of whether the speaker intended to help or harm a listener and whether the statement was made in a setting that called for informational accuracy or politeness. Results showed that the communicative intent and setting factors jointly influence children's categorization of lying and truth‐telling, which extends an earlier finding (Lee & Ross, 1997) to childhood. Also, we found that children's and adults' moral judgments of lying and truth‐telling were influenced by the communicative intent but not the setting factor. The present results were discussed in terms of Sweetser's (1987) folkloristic model of lying. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多动症儿童的智力水平、行为与认知事件相关电位的研究

通过对多动症 (MBD)儿童的智力、行为和认知事件相关电位的分析研究,发现多动症儿童的智力水平正常但均数都低于正常儿童,行为问题的检出率和行为量表指数高于一般正常儿童,反映大脑认知功能的事件相关电位的N2、P3的潜伏期较之正常儿童组均延长,且差异均达到显著性水平。     

中文新异组合概念的解释及影响因素

通过分析600名中国大学生对32个概念组成的160个新异组合概念的解释,考察了中文名词-名词组合概念的解释策略及影响因素。结果表明：⑴关系解释和属性解释是两种主要的解释策略;⑵第一个子概念具有显著属性的组合概念得到更多的属性解释;⑶子概念之间相似性的高低不影响属性解释出现的比率,但影响关系解释出现的比率;⑷生物组合概念比人造物组合概念得到更多的属性解释。其中的新发现既不支持关系竞争理论,也不支持双重加工理论,引出了有待研究的新问题。     

换位棋问题规则的表征与解题正确率间关系的研究

本研究通过对被试求解换位棋过程的记录与分析,重点研究了问题表征在换位棋求解过程中的作用。实验结果表明：（1）正确表征问题规则是解题的必要前提.对问题规则信息的误解和遗漏,是影响解题正确率的重要因素。其中对非隐含问题规则的错误表征也占全部错误表征的很大比率。（2）“关键结构”的发现是解决换位棋的必要条件,对问题规则的错误表征影响“关键结构”的发现.（3）前置问题的解决经验对目标问题的正确表征无显著的影响作用。