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341.
先秦重要文献《管子》方位词的使用情况显示了语言演变的历时进程。对于这些历史演变进行考察,不仅有助于梳理方位词系统的形成及历时的发展脉络,还可以增强对汉语方位词历史发展的认识和了解。 相似文献
342.
Gail D. Heyman Genyue Fu Monica A. Sweet Kang Lee 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2009,27(4):875-890
Children's reasoning about the willingness of peers to convey accurate positive and negative performance feedback to others was investigated among a total of 179 6‐ to 11‐year‐olds from the USA and China. In Study 1, which was conducted in the USA only, participants responded that peers would be more likely to provide positive feedback than negative feedback, and this tendency was strongest among the younger children. In Study 2, the expectation that peers would preferentially disclose positive feedback was replicated among children from the USA, and was also seen among younger but not older children from China. Participants in all groups took the relationship between communication partners into account when predicting whether peers would express evaluative feedback. Results of open‐ended responses suggested cross‐cultural differences, including a greater emphasis by Chinese children on the implications of evaluative feedback for future performance, and reference by some older Chinese children to the possibility that positive feedback might make the recipient ‘too proud’. 相似文献
343.
现代旅游业在英国的诞生 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
19世纪以来,随着英国物质财富的日益丰富,人们追求高质量精神生活的欲望变得越来越强烈。托马斯·库克把握住时代赋予的机遇,创办了世界上第一家旅行社。世界上第一家旅行社出现在英国,是各种内在因素和外在条件相互作用的结果,它标志着现代旅游业的诞生,谱写了世界旅游业的新篇章。现代旅游业的诞生给我们留下了许多有益的思考,为我国大力发展旅游业提供了很好的启示作用。 相似文献
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346.
Qian Qian Jiawen Pan Miao Song Yong Feng Yunfa Fu Keizo Shinomori 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2020,32(7):645-660
ABSTRACT Sequential modulations in symbolic cueing tasks have been attributed to complete versus partial repetition/alternation of stimulus features between consecutive trials. This feature-integration hypothesis is questioned by recent findings and further investigated in the present study. In the first two experiments, when the cueing axes switched between trials, only complete alternation of cue directions and target locations existed. Nevertheless, significant sequence effects were still found in this condition, which did not support the feature-integration hypothesis. Furthermore, although sequence effects were still significant when stimulus identities were manipulated in Experiment 3, it was abolished when different cue categories (gaze and arrow) were presented as cues in Experiment 4. The findings suggest that the integration of stimulus features is not the only source of the sequential effect and some higher level cognitive mechanisms, possibly as described in the task-file or task organization hypotheses, are involved in the sequential modulations of symbolic cueing. 相似文献
347.
This paper brings the intellectual tools of cognitive science to bear on resolving the “paradox of the active user” [Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, MIT Press, MA, USA]—the persistent use of inefficient procedures in interactive tasks by experienced or even expert users when demonstrably more efficient procedures exist. The goal of this paper is to understand the roots of this paradox by finding regularities in these inefficient procedures. We examine three very different data sets. For each data set, we first satisfy ourselves that the preferred procedures used by some subjects are indeed less efficient than the recommended procedures. We then amass evidence, for each set, and conclude that when a preferred procedure is used instead of a more efficient, recommended procedure, the preferred procedure tends to have two major characteristics: (1) the preferred procedure is a well-practiced, generic procedure that is applicable either within the same task environment in different contexts or across different task environments, and (2) the preferred procedure is composed of interactive components that bring fast, incremental feedback on the external problem states. The support amassed for these characteristics leads to a new understanding of the paradox. In interactive tasks, people are biased towards the use of general procedures that start with interactive actions. These actions require much less cognitive effort as each action results in an immediate change to the external display that, in turn, cues the next action. Unfortunately for the users, the bias to use interactive unit tasks leads to a path that requires more effort in the long run. Our data suggest that interactive behavior is composed of a series of distributed choices; that is, people seldom make a once-and-for-all decision on procedures. This series of biased selection of interactive unit tasks often leads to a stable suboptimal level of performance. 相似文献
348.
在二十多年的发展中,文化哲学不论在理论体系建构上还是现实问题的研究中都取得了重要的成果,但时至今日,似乎仍要为其合法性作论证,仍要为其理论限域作界定,学界对于其“哲学回归生活世界”的主张仍有不同程度的怀疑和顾虑。之所以如此,主要是由于我们还没有对意识哲学的思维范式进行彻底的反思和检讨,这种范式仍然在主导着人们的哲学思维。文化哲学仍需解决合法性论证、理论限域的界定和批判意识哲学这三重任务,而现代性研究恰恰是澄清以上问题的“试金石”。首先,文化哲学的合法性和优先性在于对哲学之文化属性的自觉。“虽然文化一直作… 相似文献
349.
区域刻板印象(regional stereotype)是一种涉及知觉者的关于某个地区人群群体的知识、观念与预期的认知结构。区域刻板化既是自然环境的产物,也是社会文化的产物,区域刻板化的形成既有心理因素,也有社会因素、个体因素。 相似文献
350.
Yanyan Fu Tyler Strachan Edward H. Ip John T. Willse Shyh-Huei Chen Terry Ackerman 《International Journal of Testing》2020,20(2):169-186
This research examined correlation estimates between latent abilities when using the two-dimensional and three-dimensional compensatory and noncompensatory item response theory models. Simulation study results showed that the recovery of the latent correlation was best when the test contained 100% of simple structure items for all models and conditions. When a test measured weakly discriminated dimensions, it became harder to recover the latent correlation. Results also showed that increasing the sample size, test length, or using simpler models (i.e., two-parameter logistic rather than three-parameter logistic, compensatory rather than noncompensatory) could improve the recovery of latent correlation. 相似文献