Implicit learning of mappings between forms and metaphorical meanings

Previous research has shown that people can implicitly acquire mappings between word forms and literal meanings (Williams, 2004, Williams, 2005). We argue, from the metaphor-representation and embodiment perspectives, that people can unconsciously establish mappings between word forms and not only literal but also metaphorical meanings. Using Williams’ (2005) paradigm, we found that transfer of form-meaning connections from a concrete domain (space) to an abstract domain (power) was achieved in a metaphor-consistent way without awareness. Our results support the view that unconscious knowledge can be flexibly deployed in an abstract way not previously explored in the implicit learning literature.     

Analyzing Longitudinal Item Response Data via the Pairwise Fitting Method

Multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models can be applied to longitudinal educational surveys where a group of individuals are administered different tests over time with some common items. However, computational problems typically arise as the dimension of the latent variables increases. This is especially true when the latent variable distribution cannot be integrated out analytically, as with MIRT models for binary data. In this article, based on the pseudolikelihood theory, we propose a pairwise modeling strategy to estimate item and population parameters in longitudinal studies. Our pairwise method effectively reduces the dimensionality of the problem and hence is applicable to longitudinal IRT data with high-dimensional latent variables, which are challenging for classical methods. And in the low-dimensional case, our simulation study shows that it performs comparably with the classical methods. We further illustrate the implementation of the pairwise method using a development study of mathematics levels of junior high school students in which the response data are collected from 65 classes of 8 schools from 4 different school districts in China.     

太虚大师对大乘八宗的判摄

太虚大师对大乘八宗产生的条件,尤其是创宗者的"所得自证"进行了分析,从宗教实践的层面揭示了八宗宗义的不同立足点。八宗立足点的不同,以及所针对的学人的差异,使得各自宗义各有侧重。而这种特殊性,并不能掩盖八宗的平等性。总而言之,大乘八宗是特殊而平等,平等而特殊,共同构成一个有机的整体。     

Reasoning about the disclosure of success and failure to friends among children in the United States and China

Children's reasoning about individuals' willingness to disclose their successes and failures was investigated among 194 6- to 11-year-olds in the United States and China. In Study 1, participants showed a valence-matching effect, in which they predicted that individuals would be more likely to disclose their performance to an audience of friends if the friends' level of achievement was similar rather than dissimilar. This effect was weaker among children from China, who were more likely to justify their responses with reference to the implications for learning together or improving future performance. Results of Study 2 suggest that for children from the United States, the disclosure of successful performance to a friend who has performed poorly is seen as implicitly conveying the message "I'm better than you," whereas for children from China the message is "I can help you to do better." Results are interpreted with reference to cultural values and expectations about helping others to learn.     

“三腿一平台”组成的“基因打靶”——评介2007年度诺贝尔医学奖

2007年度诺贝尔医学奖项目——基因打靶,由三腿和一个平台所构成。三条腿分别是转基因学、同源重组和胚胎干细胞,一个平台指的是基因敲除。除了评价这些组成部分以外,还对推迟评奖进行了质疑。     

我国民族心理学研究的困境及出路

文章对我国民族心理学研究面临的困境进行了阐述,指出要成功走出目前的困境,在今后的研究中应融合多元方法,加强民族心理学研究中质与量的整合;加强民族心理学的理论建设;促进相邻学科的对话与合作,注重对综合性民族心理研究人才的培养;同时还要立足于我国民族的实际情况,加强对现实问题的研究,增强民族心理学研究的价值。     

Solving the credit assignment problem: explicit and implicit learning of action sequences with probabilistic outcomes

In most problem-solving activities, feedback is received at the end of an action sequence. This creates a credit-assignment problem where the learner must associate the feedback with earlier actions, and the interdependencies of actions require the learner to remember past choices of actions. In two studies, we investigated the nature of explicit and implicit learning processes in the credit-assignment problem using a probabilistic sequential choice task with and without a secondary memory task. We found that when explicit learning was dominant, learning was faster to select the better option in their first choices than in the last choices. When implicit reinforcement learning was dominant, learning was faster to select the better option in their last choices than in their first choices. Consistent with the probability-learning and sequence-learning literature, the results show that credit assignment involves two processes: an explicit memory encoding process that requires memory rehearsal and an implicit reinforcement-learning process that propagates credits backwards to previous choices.     

内隐利他行为的实验研究

本实验采用外显的提名法和内隐联结测验(IAT),考察了初中生利他行为的外显和内隐行为.发现,个体的利他行为表现出自动化特征;内隐利他倾向和外显利他行为之间不存在相关;内隐利他倾向不存在性别差异.结合相关理论,本研究认为,利他行为具有内隐性或无意识性.     

惩罚对学习时间分配中决策与绩效的影响*

学习时间分配中的学习决策及其如何影响后续学习绩效是学习心理研究的重要领域。但对惩罚学习条件下,学习者是如何调整学习策略的,以及这种调整与后续学习绩效之间的关系尚不明确。本研究发现,奖励和惩罚条件下,参与者都会更多地选择高分的项目进行学习。在学习时间分配上,奖励组和惩罚组都倾向于将时间更多地分配到困难和高分的项目。但惩罚条件下参与者对低分项目的选择比例显著低于奖励条件,这表明惩罚影响学习者的学习策略。而且惩罚条件也影响低分且容易项目的学习效率。有趣的是,奖励和惩罚虽然对学习策略产生影响,却对学习绩效影响不显著,这表明在不同的学习条件下,不同的学习策略可以获得相似的学习成绩。     

结构化面试中面试官的评分及影响因素

结构化面试是人事选拔中采用的主要评价方法之一。解释结构化面试过程中面试官和应聘者行为反应的理论观点有社会互动理论、拟剧论、行为一致性观点、特质激活理论等。一个完整的结构化面试可以划分为关系建立、题目问答和分数评定三个阶段。在结构化面试中, 面试官的行为从观察、获取、分析、回应应聘者的各种表现信息, 形成初始印象, 到参照面试评分标准评分等, 经历了一系列相互影响的心理过程。影响面试官评分的主要因素包括面试设计因素和考官自身等内部因素, 以及应聘者因素、面试环境因素等外部因素两个方面。结合应聘者反应, 探索面试官评分的心理机制是今后结构化面试研究的突破点。