换位棋问题规则的表征与解题正确率间关系的研究

本研究通过对被试求解换位棋过程的记录与分析,重点研究了问题表征在换位棋求解过程中的作用。实验结果表明：（1）正确表征问题规则是解题的必要前提.对问题规则信息的误解和遗漏,是影响解题正确率的重要因素。其中对非隐含问题规则的错误表征也占全部错误表征的很大比率。（2）“关键结构”的发现是解决换位棋的必要条件,对问题规则的错误表征影响“关键结构”的发现.（3）前置问题的解决经验对目标问题的正确表征无显著的影响作用。     

缺血性脑血管病患者的记忆障碍与脑脊液(CSF)中三种神经肽关系的研究

本实验对9例缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者及9例正常健康对照者及对照者进行了临床记忆量表检查,并测定了患者及对照者的脑脊液(CSF)中P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIF)及生长抑素(SS)含量。结果:(1)ICVD患者的记忆总分及记忆商(MQ)均显著低于正常健康对照组及对照组;分项测试中亦有降低趋势,且其中联想学习成绩的降低达显著性。(2)ICVD患者CSFSS含量显著低于对照组。(3)ICVD患者CSFSS含量与其MQ是显著正相关。本结果提示ICVD患者有不同程度的记忆障碍,测定CSFSS对患者记忆状况的判断有一定的参考价值。     

识别不同编码方式符号的仿真研究

本研究利用计算机技术 ,以执行过程交互控制 (EPIC)理论框架为基础 ,建立了一个人类信息加工过程的计算模型 ,并对人在简单任务下的作业绩效进行了仿真。结果说明 :(1 )本研究所建的模型克服了原有 EPIC理论无法控制模型中参数值变化的缺陷 ,促进了 EPIC理论的发展 ;(2 )仿真结果和实验结果拟合良好 ,模型具有良好的预测能力。本研究为以仿真方法研究简单任务的心理过程提供了一次有益的尝试。     

Suboptimal tradeoffs in information seeking

Explicit information-seeking actions are needed to evaluate alternative actions in problem-solving tasks. Information-seeking costs are often traded off against the utility of information. We present three experiments that show how subjects adapt to the cost and information structures of environments in a map-navigation task. We found that subjects often stabilize at suboptimal levels of performance. A Bayesian satisficing model (BSM) is proposed and implemented in the ACT-R architecture to predict information-seeking behavior. The BSM uses a local decision rule and a global Bayesian learning mechanism to decide when to stop seeking information. The model matched the human data well, suggesting that adaptation to cost and information structures can be achieved by a simple local decision rule. The local decision rule, however, often limits exploration of the environment and leads to suboptimal performance. We propose that suboptimal performance is an emergent property of the dynamic interactions between cognition and the environment.     

Depression,Confidence, and Decision: Evidence Against Depressive Realism

This research examined how retrospective self-assessments of performance are affected by major depression. To test the validity of the depressive realism versus the selective processing hypotheses, aggregate posttest performance estimates (PTPEs) were obtained from clinically depressed patients and an age-matched comparison group across 4 decision tasks (object recognition, general knowledge, social judgment, and line-length judgment). As expected on the basis of previous findings, both groups were underconfident in their PTPEs, consistently underestimating the percentage of questions they had answered correctly. Contrary to depressive realism, and in partial support of the selective processing account, this underconfidence effect was not reduced but modestly exacerbated in the depressed patients. Further, whereas the PTPEs of the comparison group exceeded that expected on the basis of chance alone those of the depressed individuals did not. The results provide no support for the depressive realism account and suggest that negative biases contribute to metacognitive information processing in major depression.The results reported in this paper are based on an extension of the MSc dissertation of Tiffany Fu, conducted in partial fulfillment of the degree of MSc in Research Methods in Psychology, University of Reading, 2003     

传统测谎技术研究现状与趋势

该文在国内外研究文献的基础上,简要介绍了传统测谎技术的原理与方法,并从心理测量的角度,对传统测谎技术的研究现状与问题进行了回顾与探讨,认为传统测谎技术中有待深入研究解决的主要问题包括：（1）模拟研究的代表性与现场研究的准确性,（2）测谎检测非标准化产生的高“虚报”率,（3）测谎检测信、效度的衡量标准,信、效度的提高,（4）有效的防止反测谎。据此,该文探讨了今后传统测谎技术可能的研究趋势。     

职务分析中的不准确性来源

职务分析以人的主观判断为基础,因而容易导致结果的不准确性。该文总结了职务分析中的不准确性来源及其影响,包括职务分析者、职务分析工具以及职务分析中潜在的社会的和认知的不准确性来源,指出易于产生不准确性的职务分析方面,并探讨了职务分析不准确性和职务内真实差异的关系。在此基础上,提出了减少职务分析中社会和认知的不准确性来源的建议。     

内隐学习中表征与意识的关系

近年来研究者分别从表征的质量和表征的外显等级两个方面探讨了内隐学习中表征与意识的关系。有关表征质量与意识的研究,清晰地揭示了影响表征进入意识的因素;而有关表征外显等级与意识的研究,则明确地阐明了什么样的表征才是有意识的。但表征与意识的关系是一个十分复杂的问题,目前仍存在着很大的争议,还有待于进一步的探讨     

信息表征形式对解决贝叶斯推理问题的影响

通过三个实验分别考察问题形式（一步问题,两步问题）、信息结构（分割结构,未分割结构）和辅助图形表征（条形图、饼图、结构图）对解决贝叶斯推理问题的影响。研究结果表明：(1)一步问题形式有时优于两步问题形式;(2)频率格式提问有时优于几率格式提问;(3)分割的信息结构明显优于未分割的信息结构;(4)与条形图和饼图形式的图形辅助表征相比,结构图形式的图形辅助表征显著提高了被试解决贝叶斯推理问题的成绩。