Elterntrainings zur Pr?vention dissozialen Verhaltens

This paper presents the concept of Development Promotion in Families: Parent and Child Training (EntwicklungsF?rderung in Familien: Eltern- und Kindertraining, EFFEKT^?). The parent training was developed and evaluated as part of the Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study (L?sel et al. M?glichkeiten der Gewaltpr?vention, S?201?C249, 2005; L?sel et al., Z Klin Psychol Psychother 35:127?C139, 2006). EFFEKT was constructed as a universal program for the prevention of antisocial behavior in children. In the meantime it has now been extended by several program units: adapted parent training for migrants, adapted training for depressive mothers, training for internationally mobile parents, training for parents of children under the age of 3 years, school children and adolescents. Therefore, it can also be used as a selective prevention program. In addition, the training is used throughout Europe with the help of an internet version of EFFEKT, providing a low threshold for users. This article presents mainly the contents of the training and selected evaluation results. All results prove the successful implementation of all EFFEKT programs. Moreover, the output evaluation of the training suggests substantial effects with regard to the behavior of children. In comparison to the control group, the results of the training groups were superior in almost all evaluation areas. The results suggest that EFFEKT can be used as a universal as well as a selective prevention program.     

Does scientific thinking lead to success and sanity? An integration of attribution and attributional models

A motivational model is introduced that integrates conceptions of attributional antecedents with those of attributional consequences, and suggests that it is functional to make realistic attributions. This model is applied to the analysis of achievement behaviour and depression. The use of a new experimental paradigm designed to test the model's assumptions demonstrates that realistic attributions maximise performance. The model was also used to investigate whether depressives are more realistic than non-depressives. This research revealed that depressives draw more "pessimistic" conclusions from covariation information than non-depressives. In addition, depressives expect their partners to make more negative attributions about the depressives' outcomes than their partners in fact do. However, these negative views could not be traced back to faulty inferences from covariation information. Finally, research is described showing that, in addition to depressogenic attributions, certain evaluative cognitions need to be present in order to trigger depressive mood reactions.     

Probabilistic unfolding

A probabilistic unfolding model is presented which makes it possible to scale stimuli and subjects simultaneously, without assumptions concerning the distribution of subjects or of stimuli. The applicability of the model is demonstrated in areas of attitude measurement where the assumption of normality is inadequate.     

Addressing complex hospital discharge by cultivating the virtues of acknowledged dependence

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics - Every day around the country, patients are discharged from hospitals without difficulty, as the interests of the hospital and the patient tend to align: both...     

Contemporary psychoanalytical identity and its roots in the history of science

Abstract

The problem of psychoanalytical identity is discussed under the aspects of psychoanalysis:

—as the history of a charismatic movement shaping the organizational and career patterns in a specific direction;

—as a science with the difficulties of defining the correlations of interpretative, clinical-empirical and “scientistic” dimensions inherent in its basic assumptions.     

Anarchic-hand syndrome: ERP reflections of lost control over the right hemisphere

In patients with the callosal type of anarchic-hand syndrome, the left hand often does not act as intended and counteracts the right hand. Reports are scarce about the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. We report the case G.H. who developed the syndrome after infarction of the left arteria pericallosa. It has been suggested that the syndrome arises out of lacking inhibition from the dominant left hemisphere on the right hemisphere. Yet, in tests of spatial intelligence G.H. performed much better with his “anarchic” left hand than with his dominant right hand, similar to observations commonly reported in split-brain patients. Left-right manual choice responses and event-related EEG potentials to laterally presented stimuli were measured. Asymmetries were evident in G.H.’s behavior and EEG potentials, different from age-matched healthy participants (n = 11). His right-hand responses were fast and unaffected by incompatibility with stimulus location, whereas his left-hand responses were variable and accompanied by a large negative central-midline EEG potential, probably reflecting efforts in initiating the response. G.H.’s visual N1 component peaked earlier and was larger at the right than the left side of the scalp, and the P3 component was distinctly reduced at the right side. Both features occurred independent of side of stimulus presentation and side of responding hand. The effort indicated by the midline negativity and the asymmetrically reduced P3 might directly reflect G.H.’s lack of control on his right hemisphere’s processing. The faster visual processing of the right hemisphere suggested by the N1 asymmetry might contribute to “anarchic” processing, making the right hemisphere process stimuli before control impulses exert their effect. These neurophysiological results tend to support the split-brain account which assumes that the syndrome arises by the lack of communication between hemispheres that act according to their respective competences.