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Children and young adults who had undergone right or left hemispherectomy for intractable seizures after a period of normal language acquisition were compared with respect to scores on speech and language tests. The majority of the subjects had full scale IQs in the borderline to mentally retarded range. Language scores were computed in relation to estimated mental age, not chronological age. On this basis, the left hemispherectomized children were more likely to show syntactic comprehension and rapid-rate auditory processing deficits than the right hemispherectomized. The two groups were similar to one another and to normal children in speech production. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental language disorders. 相似文献
294.
Brenda J. Freeman Kenneth M. Coll Rick Two Dogs Ethleen Iron Cloud Two Dogs Eileen Iron Cloud Paul Robertson 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2016,25(5):455-469
This article reports research findings on the impact of Oglala Lakota Sioux traditional healing on family functioning and youth resiliency where trauma, abuse, or violence are often present. Caregivers of Lakota youth struggling with serious emotional and behavioral problems participated in the study. The study included both quantitative and qualitative samples: 27 families for the quantitative sample and 8 families for the qualitative sample. Results from caregivers revealed that traditional healing and cultural practices, as well as the promotion of cultural identity, had statistically significant positive effects on the perceived familial and individual functioning of Lakota youth and their families. Effect sizes indicate that the results have strong practical significance. 相似文献
295.
John H. Freeman Daniel A. Nicholson 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2001,36(1):15-35
The rodent eyeblink conditioning paradigm is an ideal model system for examining the relationship between neural maturation
and the ontogeny of associative learning. Elucidation of the neural mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of learning is tractable
using eyeblink conditioning because the necessary neural circuitry (cerebellum and interconnected brainstem nuclei) underlying
the acquisition and retention of the conditioned response (CR) has been identified in adult organisms. Moreover, the cerebellum
exhibits substantial postnatal anatomical and physiological maturation in rats. The eyeblink CR emerges developmentally between
postnatal day (PND) 17 and 24 in rats. A series of experiments found that the ontogenetic emergence of eyeblink conditioning
is related to the development of associative learning and not related to changes in performance. More recent studies have
examined the relationship between the development of eyeblink conditioning and the physiological maturation of the cerebellum,
a brain structure that is necessary for eyeblink conditioning in adult organisms. Disrupting cerebellar development with lesions
or antimitotic treatments impairs the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning. Studies of the development of physiological processes
within the cerebellum have revealed striking ontogenetic changes in stimulus-elicited and learning-related neuronal activity.
Neurons in the interpositus nucleus and Purkinje cells in the cortex exhibit developmental increases in neuronal discharges
following the unconditioned stimulus (US) and in neuronal discharges that model the amplitude and time-course of the eyeblink
CR. The developmental changes in CR-related neuronal activity in the cerebellum suggest that the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning
depends on the development of mechanisms that estavlish cerebellar plasticity. Learning and the induction of neural plasticity
depend on the magnitude of the US input to the cerebellum. The role of developmental changes in the efficacy of the US pathway
has been investigated by monitoring neuronal activity in the inferior olive and with stimulation techniques. The results of
these experiments indicate that the development of the conditioned eyeblink response may depend on dynamic interactions between
multiple developmental processes within the eyeblink neural circuitry. 相似文献
296.
Anthony A. Hains W. Hobart Davies Darcia Behrens Mary Ellen Freeman Julie A. Biller 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2001,8(4):325-336
This study examined the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention for young adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Four young adults were referred for the therapy by medical staff because of perceived problems with anxiety, anger, or coping. Treatment impact was assessed on measures of anxiety, anger, perceptions of functional disability, and coping. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used. Overall, the impact of the cognitive behavioral intervention for young adults with CF was mixed. If participants had elevated baseline scores on anxiety, anger, or perceived functional disability, then some improvement was shown. However, only one participant had elevated baseline anxiety and anger scores, while two had higher functional disability scores. For coping, only one participant clearly displayed a greater use of approach relative to avoidance coping by the end of treatment. Results are discussed in terms of treatment implications, assessment, and coping issues. 相似文献
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298.
The brain has evolved a division of labour amongst component systems which link different sorts of processing with precise actions. Debate is over centralized versus decentralized control at different processing levels, from cognitive systems to motor-control systems. With simultaneous activation of alternative expert systems which link (a) picture-processing with drawing and (b) reading with writing, decentralized modelling predicted both the averaging of action-production times and additive effects of neural noise. Such modelling has the advantage of being able to measure the cost of regulation both within and between systems, in a common metric of performance variability. That commonality strengthens the trend to regard the brain as a distributed super-system with a great deal of regulation done towards the output end. 相似文献
299.
Inhibition of passive-avoidance memory formation in the day-old chick by the opioid cytochrophin-4
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Cytochrophin-4 (cyt-4), a tetrapeptide with opioid-like activity, caused amnesia when injected into chick forebrain 5 hr after passive-avoidance training. Bilateral injections of cyt-4 directly into the lobus parolfactorius (LPO) resulted in the chicks being amnesic for the training task 24 hr later, whereas unilateral injections of cyt-4 were effective only when injected into the right LPO. Cyt-4-induced amnesia was reversed by the general opioid antagonist, naloxone, indicating that cyt-4 was acting via an opioid receptor. The mu- and delta-opioid receptors (but not kappa-opioid or ORL(1)-receptors) have been shown to be involved in memory formation 5 hr after training (). Because an antagonist of the mu-opioid receptor inhibited memory, we attempted to reverse the effect of cyt-4 using mu-opioid receptor agonists. Met[enk] was unable to reverse the inhibition of memory formation by cyt-4 suggesting that the mu-opioid receptor is not involved in this effect. However endomorphin-2 (endo-2) reversed the effect of cyt-4. We further investigated the action of endo-2 using an irreversible antagonist of the mu-receptor, beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FAN), and found that endo-2 reversed beta-FAN-induced amnesia indicating that endo-2 was not acting on the mu-opioid receptor in the chick. Because unilateral injections of beta-FAN were not amnesic (bilateral injections were amnesic) this provided further evidence that the effect of cyt-4 was not mediated via the mu-opioid receptor. Coinjection of the delta-receptor agonist, (D-Pen(2), L-Pen(5))enkephalin (DPLPE), reversed the disruptive effect of cyt-4 on memory. However, memory modulation via the delta-opioid receptor was not lateralized to the right hemisphere suggesting that cyt-4 does not act via this receptor either. It was shown that an antagonist of the epsilon-opioid receptor inhibited memory at the 5 hr time point. We conclude that the epsilon-opioid receptor or an unidentified opioid receptor subtype could be involved in the action of cyt-4. 相似文献
300.
Many speech-language pathologists assume that parent-child communicative interactions are critical precipitating or maintaining factors in the onset and development of stuttering. Although parents are frequently counseled to alter their attitudes or behaviors, no studies have pinpointed specific parental behaviors as increasing children's disfluency. The purpose of this study was to analyze differences between 12 mothers of stutterers and 12 mothers of nonstutterers in their social-communicative interactions with their own child, an unfamiliar stutterer, and an unfamiliar nonstutterer. Ten minutes of free-play interaction between each mother and child were video recorded from behind a one-way mirror. Results indicate that the two groups of mothers differed significantly only in their use of routine statements. Other findings indicate that stuttering children used significantly more positive and imperative statements than nonstuttering children. All children asked significantly more questions of their own mothers than of unfamiliar mothers. 相似文献