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Representational development can be assessed by whether children can break routine procedures to draw something novel. Two resources for innovation have been canvassed: early capacity to be reactive to external models, and later flexibility enabling children to be proactive in the absence of models. We contend that available evidence on their relations is unclear, and that a third resource resides in children's use of their framework theory of possible objectives. In 5 experiments, children aged 5 and 9 years received open-ended challenges to alter their pictorial routines (draw à man who doesn't exist', ‘a man with something missing’); and specific tasks (draw a two-headed man, a headless man, a man without a trunk, a man who is both an animal and a man, a man who is both a house and a man, drawing-completion). Older children (a) made spontaneous innovations that were obtainable from younger children under specific instruction, (b) were relatively self-reliant where younger children relied more on external models, (c) did more advance planning, (d) monitored more closely their emerging drawing, and (e) often had greater awareness of what they did. It is argued that (a) use of external models plays an early inspirational role but also masks the extent of an internal resource, and (b) effective use of an internal resource occurs through monitoring how attainment approaches an objective set by the child's theory of pictures. 相似文献
164.
Maria Eugenia Fernandez-esquer Martin A. Krepcho Anne c. Freeman Elvin Magee Alfred L. Mcalister Michael w. Ross 《Journal of applied social psychology》1997,27(1):58-74
This study compared the influence of HIV risk behaviors and condom use attitudes on condom use among heterosexual African American males. Three models were tested: (a) HIV risk, (b) condom use attitudes, and (c) a model combining the previous two. Brief street intercept interviews were administered to African American males in 2 matched pairs of census tracts. Results are based on 589 males reporting vaginal sex in the last 30 days. The General Linear Test (GLT) was used to test the ability of regression models to reduce error variance. The condom use, attitude model was sufficient to predict frequency of condom use regardless of partner type. The strongest predictors of condom use were condom use enjoyment, social norms, self-efficacy, and social influence. 相似文献
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Joan Freeman 《Personality and individual differences》1983,4(3):307-313
Attention is drawn to some causes of distancing between fluid and crystallized intelligence through detailed testing, environmental observations and responses of 210 children, their families and teachers. High Gc children (with IQ scores of 141+) were associated with educationally-superior home backgrounds, but not with abnormal emotional or personality features. High Gf children (99th% Raven's scorers) were found to reflect specifically the Cultural Milieu and Achievement-Related Facilities of their homes in their high IQ scores, but where Gf was insufficiently provided with opportunity, Gc appeared to suffer.Calculated proportions of fluid and crystallized intelligence in high IQ were varied, the scores becoming more heavily loaded with environmental influences towards the top of the scale, being 26% for children of exceptionally-high Gf and 13% for those of average to high Gf. It is suggested that where an IQ test is used, a cut-off point of IQ 130 be taken for the identification of intellectually-gifted children, along with verbal and other specific-ability tests. 相似文献
167.
Freeman EW 《American journal of psychoanalysis》1999,59(1):99-100
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - 相似文献
168.
Dr. Barbara Herjanic Marijan Herjanic Freeman Brown Theotis Wheatt 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1975,3(1):41-48
Fifty children, ranging in age from 6 to 16 years, and their mothers were interviewed using the same structured interview, which in its content follows the usual psychiatric examination of a child. Their answers were compared and it was found that there was an 80% average agreement on all questions. The agreement (between child and parent) was highest on questions relating to factual information (84%) and the agreement (between child's interviewer and parent) was lowest in the section dealing with mental status (69%). Girls were more reliable informants than boys. 相似文献
169.
The Ss’ task was to identify repeating sequences of pure tones that differed only with respect to the order in which the tones occurred. With tones occurring at a constant rate of 5/sec, performance was better when the tones were widely spaced in frequency than when they were less widely spaced. One S was able, after considerable practice, to distinguish among different sequences whose component tones were presented at rates up to 500/sec. It was tenatively concluded that, in this case, performance was based on temporal (order) information at the slowest presentation rates, primarily on spectral information at the highest rates, and on both order and spectral information at intermediate rates. 相似文献
170.