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61.
Gefvert O Lindström LH Waters N Waters S Carlsson A Tedroff J 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2003,44(3):289-292
Positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be of great importance in elucidating the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. In psychotic patients L-[11C]DOPA PET has been used to demonstrate some differences in dopaminergic activity compared with that in healthy volunteers. Ten healthy volunteers were investigated with PET and L-[11C]DOPA. Ten drug-free patients with psychosis, nine stable schizophrenics treated with clozapine, and nine stable patients treated with classical antipsychotics were also investigated with L-[11C]DOPA. Principal-component analysis was employed for the analysis of L-[11C]DOPA Ki values across a number of corticostriatal brain regions. These data revealed a significant three-component model with clear-cut separation between healthy controls and patients with unmedicated schizophrenia. Stable optimal treatment with either classical neuroleptics or clozapine partially, albeit differentially, reversed the aberrant patterns seen in drug-free schizophrenia. It can thus be concluded that schizophrenia is associated with abnormal patterns of L-[11C]DOPA utilization in corticostriatal systems. Treatment with clozapine or classical neuroleptics induces partial, albeit differential, normalization of the abnormal patterns seen in untreated schizophrenia. 相似文献
62.
Svenaeus F 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2003,24(5):407-431
The relevance of the Aristotelian concept ofphronesis – practical wisdom – for medicine and medical ethics has been much debated during the last two decades. This paper attempts
to show how Aristotle’s practical philosophy was of central importance toHans-Georg Gadamer and to the development of his
philosophical hermeneutics, and how,accordingly, the concept of phronesiswill be central to a Gadamerian hermeneutics of medicine. If medical practice is conceived of as an interpretative meeting
between doctor and patient with the aim of restoring the health of the latter, then phronesis is the mark of the good physician, who through interpretation comes to know the best thing todo for this particular patient
at this particular time. The potential fruitfulness of this hermeneutical appropriation of phronesis for the field of medical ethics is also discussed. The concept can be (and has been) used in critiques of the conceptualization
of bioethics as the application of principle-based theory to clinical situations, since Aristotle’s point is exactly that
problems of praxis cannot be approached in this way. It can also point theway for alternative forms of medical ethics, such as virtue ethics
or a phenomenological andhermeneutical ethics. The latter alternative would have to address the phenomena of healthand the
good life as issues for medical practice. It would also have to map out in detail the terrain of the medical meeting and the
acts of interpretation through which phronesis is exercised.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
63.
Human Studies - This article interrogates twelve step practice within Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) from the perspective of Foucault’s later work on governance, truth-telling and subjectivity.... 相似文献
64.
Elin Frögéli Aleksandar Djordjevic Ann Rudman Fredrik Livheim Petter Gustavsson 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2016,29(2):202-218
Background: Levels of stress and burnout increase during nursing education. This development has consequences for nursing students' health, learning, competence, and interest in quality issues in health care. Design: In a randomized controlled pilot trial with a sample of 113 nursing students the effect of an intervention using techniques from acceptance and commitment training (ACT) to prevent the development of stress and burnout was evaluated. Method: The 6 × 2-hour program was compared to standard treatment (reflection seminars) post-intervention and at a three-month follow-up using longitudinal analysis of mean response profiles. Mechanisms of change were investigated using a baseline-post intervention two-mediator model. Results: The intervention resulted in increased mindful awareness and decreased experiential avoidance, as well as decreased perceived stress and burnout. Levels of mindful awareness and perceived stress were sustained at follow-up. The proposed mechanisms of change were partly supported by the data. Conclusion: This study shows that techniques from ACT might have the potential to contribute to preventing the development of stress and burnout during nursing education. However, additional studies are needed to validate these results. 相似文献
65.
Svenaeus F 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(1):31-62
Debates about the legitimacy of embryonic stem-cell research have largely focused on the type of ethical value that should
be accorded to the human embryo in␣vitro. In this paper, I try to show that, to broaden the scope of these debates, one needs to articulate an ontology that does
not limit itself to biological accounts, but that instead focuses on the embryo’s place in a totality of relevance surrounding
and guiding a human practice. Instead of attempting to substantiate the ethical value of the embryo exclusively by pointing
out that it has potentiality for personhood, one should examine the types of practices in which the embryo occurs and focus
on the ends inherent to these practices. With this emphasis on context, it becomes apparent that the embryo’s ethical significance
can only be understood by elucidating the attitudes that are established towards it in the course of specific activities.
The distinction between fertilized embryos and cloned embryos proves to be important in this contextual analysis, since, from
the point of view of practice, the two types of embryos appear to belong to different human practices: (assisted) procreation and medical research, respectively. In my arguments, I highlight the concepts of
practice, technology, and nature, as they have been analyzed in the phenomenological tradition, particularly by Martin Heidegger.
I come to the conclusion that therapeutic cloning should be allowed, provided that it turns out to be a project that benefits
medical science in its aim to battle diseases. Important precautions have to be taken, however, in order to safeguard the
practice of procreation from becoming perverted by the aims and attitudes of medical science when the two practices intersect.
The threat in question needs to be taken seriously, since it concerns the structure and goal of practices which are central
to our very self understanding as human beings. 相似文献
66.
Josefine L. Lilja Fredrik Falkenström Clara Zelleroth Emma Jacobson Stina Risberg Linnea Nissling Sandra Weineland 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2020,61(3):369-379
Over a period of 15 years several attempts to conceptualize mindfulness have been presented and revised, but there is still no clear or agreed-upon definition. The use of mindfulness-based interventions has increased in clinical and research settings the last couple of years, including in Sweden. As a clinician it is crucial to know if a treatment works through the theoretically postulated mechanisms of change. Mindfulness is a concept that is difficult to measure. The overall aim of the current project was to examine the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ_SWE) using three different studies. To test the construct validity of the FFMQ_SWE a hierarchal confirmatory factor analysis was performed in a meditating non-clinical sample, to examine if all the five facets would load on an overall mindfulness construct. Psychometric properties of the instrument were examined in a non-clinical and a clinical sample, and discriminative relationships with other variables were analysed. The convergent validity was examined by analysing the correlations between FFMQ_SWE and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Sense of Coherence and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Test-retest reliability was tested by distributing FFMQ_SWE at two occasions. The hierarchal confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit in a population of meditators. The FFMQ_SWE showed good convergent validity and test-retest reliability in both clinical and non-clinical populations. In sum, the Swedish version of the FFMQ showed good psychometric properties and can be a useful instrument as an evaluation of treatment effects in both health care settings and research settings. 相似文献
67.
This study tested predictions regarding ambivalent sexism, previously studied cross-culturally, here "within-culturally", between groups from different organizational settings. Based on three samples (334 adults in general, 744 industrial employees, and 189 high school students), completing a Swedish version of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), the results revealed that men scored higher on hostile and benevolent sexism than women, and high school students scored higher than both adult samples on both forms of sexism. The results generally confirmed the predictions; the gender gap in benevolent sexism decreased as a function of increasing levels of general sexism and the correlation between hostile and benevolent sexism decreased with higher levels of general sexism. In fact, the groups scoring highest on general sexism displayed significant negative correlations indicating a polarized ideology of women among these groups. Implications, both theoretical and practical, derived from these results are discussed. 相似文献
68.
Perfectionism is normally viewed as a multidimensional personality trait. In the present experimental study, perfectionism was treated as a state in which transient changes were produced through manipulation of 2 factors: being observed by others and verbal priming. The experiment was carried out in 2 different situations: a social encounter situation and a problem-solving situation. Partial support for the hypothesis that both priming and observation cause elevated degrees of perfectionism was found in the social encounter situation. In the problem-solving situation, observation produced some effects, although partly in an unexpected direction. A significant interaction effect between priming and observation was found on estimating performance on a memory task in the problem-solving situation. The state approach to perfectionism and the stability of perfectionism across situations are discussed on the basis of the findings. 相似文献
69.
Fredrik Svenaeus 《Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review》2013,36(2):239-254
This paper is an attempt to uncover and bring to a coherent interpretation Freud's thoughts on the phenomenon of uncanniness. Starting out with the essay “The uncanny” the author wants to show that uncanniness plays an important rôle in the turn that Freud's thinking goes through at this time, and that the concept can serve as a springboard for a critical, phenomeno- logical reading of Freud's thoughts on the development of the ego. The analysis of the phenomenon of uncanniness itself tends to disrupt the coherence of Freud's earlier views and pushes him towards his later thinking. “Unheimlich” in German has the double meaning of uncanny and unhome-like, and what is not at home in itself in an uncanny sense, according to Freud, is precisely the human ego. Freud in “The uncanny” links the interpretation of uncanniness to compulsive repetition and thus makes the connection to trauma and birth anxiety discussed in later works such as “Beyond the pleasure principle” and “Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety”. The origin of our general sensitivity to the uncanny is thus, according to Freud, the loss of the mother suffered by the child as a kind of a priori traumatic experience, which is also the very event that makes the child into an ego. The understanding of traumatic neurosis and other forms of mental illness is consequently linked to an analysis of this primal uncanniness of life. 相似文献
70.
Processing fluency influences many types of judgments. Some metacognitive research suggests that the influence of processing fluency may be mediated by participants’ beliefs. The current study explores the influence of processing fluency and beliefs on ease-of-learning (EOL) judgments. In two experiments (Exp 1: n?=?94; Exp 2: n?=?146), participants made EOL judgments on 24 six-letter concrete nouns, presented in either a constant condition (high fluency) with upper-case letters (e.g., BUCKET) or an alternating condition (low fluency) with mixed upper- and lower-case letters (e.g., bUcKeT). After judging words individually, participants studied the words and completed a free recall test. Finally, participants indicated what condition they believed made the words more likely to be learned. Results show constant-condition words were judged as more likely to be learned than alternating condition words, but the difference varied with beliefs. Specifically, the difference was biggest when participants believed the constant condition made words more likely to be learned, followed by believing there was no difference, and then believing the alternating condition made words more likely to be learned. Thus, we showed that processing fluency has a direct effect on EOL judgments, but the effect is moderated by beliefs. 相似文献