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951.
This study examined the role of parents' perceptions of their children's competencies and their educational optimism in forming expectations of their children's further education. A group of parents (N = 352) were asked to estimate the probability of their children's entering gymnasium or vocational school and to assess the child's competencies in the course of primary school years. Parents had crystallized anticipations of their children's further education as early as preschool, and the differences bound to parents' education and child's gender were well established in their expectations. By the end of the 7th school year, the relationships between the expectations and the competence assessments strengthened and became more uniform among parents, although there were also group‐specific profiles. 相似文献
952.
The study examined children’s and their parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of the malleability of the child’s academic competencies.
A total of 103 third- and sixth-graders and their parents and teachers were asked to rate how much the child could improve
her/his competencies in mathematics and Finnish. The participants were asked to use intrapersonal and interpersonal criteria
in their ratings, i.e., to rate the child’s potential for improvement in comparison with his/her own current competencies
and in relation to her/his peers’ competencies. The results showed a tendency that older children’s perceptions were closer
to their parents’ and teachers’ views than those of younger children. Children of academically educated parents showed a stronger
correlation with their teachers’ and parents’ intrapersonal perceptions than children of vocationally educated parents. The
results also suggested that the teachers and parents trusted in boys’ intrapersonal potential in Finnish more than in girls’
but there were no gender-differences in their perceptions concerning mathematics. In all, the children’s intrapersonal perceptions
of their improvement potential were the most optimistic, followed by their parents’ and lastly by their teachers’ perceptions. 相似文献
953.
Fredrik Svenaeus 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2010,31(3):179-196
This paper investigates the question of what an organ is from a phenomenological perspective. Proceeding from the phenomenology
of being-in-the-world developed by Heidegger in Being and Time and subsequent works, it compares the being of the organ with the being of the tool. It attempts to display similarities
and differences between the embodied nature of the organs and the way tools of the world are handled. It explicates the way
tools belong to the totalities of things of the world that are ready to use and the way organs belong to the totality of a
bodily being able to be in this very world. In so doing, the paper argues that while the organ is in some respects similar
to a bodily tool, this tool is nonetheless different from the tools of the world in being tied to the organism as a whole,
which offers the founding ground of the being of the person. However, from a phenomenological point of view, the line between
organs and tools cannot simply be drawn by determining what is inside and outside the physiological borders of the organism.
We have, from the beginning of history, integrated technological devices (tools) in our being-in-the-world in ways that make
them parts of ourselves rather than parts of the world (more organ- than tool-like), and also, more recently, have started
to make our organs more tool-like by visualising, moving, manipulating, and controlling them through medical technology. In
this paper, Heidegger’s analysis of organ, tool, and world-making is confronted with this development brought about by contemporary
medical technology. It is argued that this development has, to a large extent, changed the phenomenology of the organ in making
our bodies more similar to machines with parts that have certain functions and that can be exchanged. This development harbours
the threat of instrumentalising our bodily being but also the possibility of curing or alleviating suffering brought about
by diseases which disturb and destroy the normal functioning of our organs. 相似文献
954.
Karl Ask Pär Anders Granhag 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2010,7(3):214-230
Research on the hindsight bias has shown that knowledge of an event outcome makes the observed outcome appear more predictable than it does in the absence of outcome knowledge. It was hypothesised that perceptions of the suggestiveness of a line‐up would be similarly influenced by knowledge of a witness' identification decision, with a positive identification of the suspect increasing, and a negative non‐identification decreasing, perceived suggestiveness. The ratings of undergraduate students (N = 50) in Experiment 1 showed the predicted influence of positive outcome, whereas negative outcome had no demonstrable influence. In contrast, Experiment 2, conducted with police trainees (N = 126) and with the line‐up presented in the context of a criminal investigation, partially supported the predicted influence of negative, but not positive, outcome. The discrepant findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the hindsight bias and the implications for real‐life judgements of line‐up suggestiveness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
955.
Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h.c. Manfred Wolfersdorf Dr. biol. hum. Dipl.-Soz. Dipl.-Soz.-Päd. Rüdiger Vogel Dr. med. Rainer Vogl Dipl.-Psych. Tanja Neuner PD. Dr. biol. hum. Ferdinand Keller Dipl.-Psych. PD Dr. med. Hermann Spießl Dr. med. Christoph Franke 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2010,4(3):193-201
Suicide prevention especially with psychiatric inpatients is traditionally a very important aspect of psychiatric treatment. During the 1970s and 1980s there was a noticeable increase in so-called hospital suicides in Germany, especially suicides of schizophrenic inpatients. The number of psychiatric inpatient suicides has currently decreased again and a shift to more depressive suicides has also been observed. Furthermore questions which are asked in court are presented and discussed. 相似文献
956.
Lars Hallnäs 《Synthese》2006,148(3):589-602
A general definition theory should serve as a foundation for the mathematical study of definitional structures. The central
notion of such a theory is a precise explication of the intuitively given notion of a definitional structure. The purpose
of this paper is to discuss the proof theory of partial inductive definitions as a foundation for this kind of a more general
definition theory. Among the examples discussed is a suggestion for a more abstract definition of lambda-terms (derivations
in natural deduction) that could provide a basis for a more systematic definitional approach to general proof theory. 相似文献
957.
958.
Children’s play is usually connected with qualities such as happiness and innocence, and regarded as important and necessary
for learning and development. However, play is not always a state of joy. Experiences of being socially excluded or ignored
and of taking part in such activities are occurring. The article draws on a re-analysis of empirical data from a study of
pre-school children’s play. The focus in the article is directed towards how pre-school children within the context of play
communicate and act in relation to social participation and power. The theoretical framework is built upon a socio-cultural
research tradition, particularly emphasising context and communication. Interpretive reproduction, secondary adjustment, and
social representations are used as additional theoretical concepts in the analyses and discussions of the results. Empirical
data show that children’s social representations of power and participation in play include rationales for who can join the
play and who can not, and also how to allow exceptions from the main rule that ‘anyone can join’. 相似文献
959.
During visually guided grasping movements, visual information is transformed into motor commands. This transformation is known as the "visuomotor map." To investigate limitations in the short-term plasticity of the visuomotor map in normal humans, we studied the maximum grip aperture (MGA) during the reaching phase while subjects grasped objects of various sizes. The objects seen and the objects grasped were physically never the same. When a discrepancy had been introduced between the size of the visual and the grasped objects, and the subjects were fully adapted to it, they all readily interpolated and extrapolated the MGA to objects not included in training trials. In contrast, when the subjects were exposed to discrepancies that required a slope change in the visuomotor map, they were unable to adapt adequately. They instead retained a subject-specific slope of the relationship between the visual size and MGA. We conclude from these results that during reaching for grasping, normal subjects are unable to abandon a straight linear function determining the relationship between visual object size and MGA. Moreover, the plasticity of the visuomotor map is, at least in short term, constrained to allow only offset changes, that is, only "rigid shifts" are possible between the visual and motor coordinate systems. 相似文献
960.
Collective fit increases team performances: extending regulatory fit from individuals to dyadic teams 下载免费PDF全文
Daniel Memmert Henning Plessner Stefanie Hüttermann Georg Froese Carolin Peterhänsel Christian Unkelbach 《Journal of applied social psychology》2015,45(5):274-281
People experience “regulatory fit” when they pursue a goal in a manner that suits their chronic regulatory orientation. This regulatory fit impacts performance positively. The present research extends performance gains due to fit from individuals to dyadic team performance. Study 1 manipulated team fit of 32 table football participants (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation and offense vs. defense positions). Team fit significantly predicted team success in an experimental tournament beyond team skill level. Study 2 replicated this result with data from a real‐life tournament including 66 highly experienced competitors. These findings broaden the concept of regulatory fit from individual to dyadic teams, and suggest collective fit as a possible important predictor for team success. 相似文献