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Investigating cognitive transfer within the framework of music practice: genetic pleiotropy rather than causality 下载免费PDF全文
Miriam A. Mosing Guy Madison Nancy L. Pedersen Fredrik Ullén 《Developmental science》2016,19(3):504-512
The idea of far transfer effects in the cognitive sciences has received much attention in recent years. One domain where far transfer effects have frequently been reported is music education, with the prevailing idea that music practice entails an increase in cognitive ability (IQ). While cross‐sectional studies consistently find significant associations between music practice and IQ, randomized controlled trials, however, report mixed results. An alternative to the hypothesis of cognitive transfer effects is that some underlying factors, such as shared genes, influence practice behaviour and IQ causing associations on the phenotypic level. Here we explored the hypothesis of far transfer within the framework of music practice. A co‐twin control design combined with classical twin‐modelling based on a sample of more than 10,500 twins was used to explore causal associations between music practice and IQ as well as underlying genetic and environmental influences. As expected, phenotypic associations were moderate (r = 0.11 and r = 0.10 for males and females, respectively). However, the relationship disappeared when controlling for genetic and shared environmental influences using the co‐twin control method, indicating that a highly practiced twin did not have higher IQ than the untrained co‐twin. In line with that finding, the relationship between practice and IQ was mostly due to shared genetic influences. Findings strongly suggest that associations between music practice and IQ in the general population are non‐causal in nature. The implications of the present findings for research on plasticity, modularity, and transfer are discussed. 相似文献
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Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research - 相似文献
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Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - This paper presents the results from two studies on anaphoric reference to quantifying expressions (QEs) in Swedish, contributing to the current... 相似文献
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Junhua Dang Fredrik Björklund Martin Bäckström 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2017,58(4):284-293
Initial exertion of self‐control has been suggested to impair subsequent self‐regulatory performance. The specific cognitive processes that underlie this ego depletion effect have rarely been examined. Drawing on the dual‐process theory of executive control (Engle & Kane, 2004 ; Kane & Engle, 2003 ), the current meta‐analysis revealed that initial self‐control exertion impairs participants’ capacities of maintaining the task goal but its effect on capacities of resolving response competition is in need of further investigation. Our results are more consistent with recent theoretical views that consider ego depletion as a switch cost and a result arising from reduced motivation to engage in further self‐control. 相似文献
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Siglen E Bjorvatn C Engebretsen LF Berglund G Natvig GK 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):607-615
This study examines the association between Sense of Coherence and anxiety and depression amongst patients at risk of hereditary
cancer receiving genetic counseling. When writing this article, 144 patients referred for genetic counseling due to a suspicion
of hereditary cancer in the family were recruited for this multicentered longitudinal study on the psychosocial aspects of
genetic counseling in Norway. A total of 96 (66%) patients responded to the follow-up survey distributed 6 months after genetic
counseling. This survey included the Sense of Coherence-29 Scale, Impact of Event Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression
Scale. Multiple regression analyses were applied. Our results show association between cancer-related distress and symptoms
of anxiety and depression. Sense of Coherence is significantly associated with both anxiety and depression. The hypothesis
of Sense of Coherence buffering cancer-related distress and the possible impact of these findings for genetic counseling are
discussed. 相似文献
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Fredrik Svenaeus 《Human Studies》2009,32(1):53-66
In this paper I develop a phenomenology of falling ill by presenting, interpreting and developing the basic model we find
in Jean-Paul Sartre’s Being and Nothingness (1956). The three steps identified by Sartre in this process are analysed, developed further and brought to a five-step model:
(1) pre-reflective experience of discomfort, (2) lived, bodily discomfort, (3) suffered illness, (4) disease pondering, and
(5) disease state. To fall ill is to fall victim to a gradual process of alienation, and with each step this alienating process
is taken to a new qualitative level. Consequently, the five steps of falling ill have not only a contingent chronological
order but also a kind of logical order, in that they typically presuppose each other. I adopt Sartre’s focus on embodiment
as the core ground of the alienation process, but point out that the alienation of the body in illness is not only the experience
of a psychic object, but an experience of the independent life of one’s own body. This facticity of the body is the result
neither of the gaze of the other person, nor of a reflection adopting the outer perspective of the other in an indirect way,
but is a result of the very otherness of one’s own body, which addresses and plagues us when we fall ill. I use examples of
falling ill and being a patient to show how a phenomenology of falling ill can be helpful in educating health-care personnel
(and perhaps also patients) about the ways of the lived body. 相似文献
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Davíe?Freyr?Bj?rnsson Fredrik?Kopsch Gylfi?ZoegaEmail author 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2018,19(3):829-847
Labour market integration, and the free movement of people, has been a key feature of the European Economic Area (EEA). In fact, the EEA states that the free movement of people is “perhaps the most important right for individuals, as it gives citizens of the 31 EEA countries the opportunity to live, work, establish business and study in any of these countries.” However, unless citizens within the EEA are granted equal possibilities, the free movement will be of less value. This paper sets out to study the role of the rental housing market, in particular from the perspective of equal possibilities between majority (domestic) and minority (foreign) groups in Iceland. With the largest minority group of the Icelandic workforce being Polish, it is important from an integration perspective to study potential differences between native and Polish workers in possibilities to enter the rental housing market. By conducting an Internet field experiment, we show that Polish men in fact face a more difficult situation on the rental housing market than others, which serves as an impediment to the free flow of labour for this group of immigrants. 相似文献