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51.
Morris RW Furlong TM Westbrook RF 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2005,31(1):40-55
Rats were shocked in a context and then exposed to that context in the absence of shock. Shorter intervals between these extinction trials produced more long-term freezing than did longer ones, and shorter intervals between the final extinction trial and test produced more freezing than did longer ones. A short interval between a context extinction trial and test with an extinguished conditioned stimulus (CS) produced more freezing than did a longer one, and a short interval between a nonreinforced context exposure and an extinguished CS reinstated freezing when the CS was tested 24 hr later. The results suggest that recent fear acts to favor subsequent retrieval of the memory formed at conditioning rather than extinction and to render the retrieved memory more salient. 相似文献
52.
Men overestimate the degree of muscularity that is attractive to women, and women overestimate the degree of thinness that is most attractive to men. Consistent with the thesis that sociocultural input influences such body type preferences and beliefs, we postulated that magazines aimed at a male audience would portray a more muscular male body ideal than would magazines aimed at a female audience. Systematic comparison of popular magazines (Cosmopolitan, Men's Health, Men's Fitness, and Muscle & Fitness) revealed that the ideal male body marketed to men is more muscular than the ideal male body marketed to women. We introduce the Physical Trait Overvaluation Hypothesis, which proposes that gender-specific media fuel emphasis on certain body parts in within-gender prestige competitions. The resulting competitive escalation creates a disconnect between the preferences of one gender and the personal aspirations of the other. 相似文献
53.
Grinnell F 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2004,4(3):72-4; discussion W32
54.
This article provides a critical review of the literature on research with self-report measures of depression and anxiety in East Asia. Three trends are noteworthy. First, research on depression and anxiety in East Asia has relied heavily on the use of a limited number of translated instruments. Second, available research suggests that the Asian language versions of these instruments are reliable and valid for use with Asian populations. Third, some subpopulations in East Asia have been studied extensively with respect to depression and anxiety, but there are many regions of Asia where little research literature is available outside of those published in native language journals. The review concludes with recommendations for future research. 相似文献
55.
Frederick A. Drobin 《Journal of religion and health》1999,38(3):229-240
This article contrasts traditional spiritualities with those offered by the contemporary New Age movement. An appeal is made for the recovery of the spiritual core in various faith traditions as well as for the necessity of moral growth and social commitment in New Age culture. 相似文献
56.
57.
Observers made forced-choice opaque/luminous responses to targets of varying luminance and varying size presented (1) on the wall of a laboratory, (2) as a disk within an annulus, and (3) embedded within a Mondrian array presented within a vision tunnel. Lightness matches were also made for nearby opaque surfaces. The results show that the threshold luminance value at which a target begins to appear self-luminous increases with its size, defined as perceived size, not retinal size. More generally, the larger the target, the more an increase in its luminance induces grayness/blackness into the surround and the less it induces luminosity into the target, and vice versa. Corresponding to this luminosity/grayness tradeoff, there appears to be an invariant: Across a wide variety of conditions, a target begins to appear luminous when its luminance is about 1.7 times that of a surface that would appear white in the same illumination. These results show that the luminosity threshold behaves like a surface lightness value—the maximum lightness value, in fact—and is subject to the same laws of anchoring (such as the area rule proposed by Li & Gilchrist, 1999) as surface lightness. 相似文献
58.
Gender and opinions about mental illness as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Help-seeking attitudes have been an important part of research into the kinds of college students who do and do not seek psychotherapy. The current study investigated the relationship between students' opinions about mental illness and their attitudes toward seeking professional help. By also using gender as a predictor of help-seeking attitudes, the researchers examined the effects of opinions about mental illness on help-seeking attitudes above and beyond well-known gender effects. This is important because opinions about mental illness are the kind of attitudinal variables that should be more modifiable than gender identity. The results indicate that females had more positive attitudes toward seeking help than males, and that people's opinions about mental illness, especially more benevolent, less authoritarian, less socially restrictive and higher mental hygiene ideology perspectives, accounted for a significant percentage of positive help-seeking attitudes beyond the percentage accounted for by gender. 相似文献
59.
J. H. Wearden Stephen Walker Harrie Boelens E. A. Gaffan Frederick Toates Alan Garnham R. H. MccLeery Liz Somerville 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1989,41(4):407-427
Lea, S. E. G., Tarpy, R. M., & Webley, P. (1987). The individual in the economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 627 + xxiv. ISBN 0-521-26872-9. £39.50 (Hardback). ISBN 0-521-317014. £13.95 (Paperback).
Davey, G. & Cullen, C. (Eds.) (1988). Human operant conditioning and behaviour modifcution. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Pp. x + 270. ISBN 0-471-91637-4. £29.50.
Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A. & Rachlin, H. (Eds.). (1987), Quantitative analyses of behavior. Vol. 5: The efect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Pp. 344. ISBN 0-89859-800-1. £31.00.
Pearce, J. M. (1987). An introduction to animal cognition. Hove and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. Pp. 328. ISBN 0-86377-0568 (hardback) 219.95; ISBN 0-86377457-6 (paperback) £9.95.
Archer, J. (1988). The behavioural biology of aggression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. x + 257. ISBN 0-521-34790-4. £9.95 (paperback).
Greenberg, G. and Tobach, E. (Eds.) (1987). Cognition, language, and consciousness: Integrative tevels. The T. C. Schneirla Conference Series. Volume 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Pp. ix + 301. ISBN 0-89859-7224. £27.50.
Mook, D.G. (1987). Motivation: The organisation of action. New York: Norton. Pp. xxii + 586. ISBN 0-393-95474-9. £12.95 (hardback).
Frank, H. (Ed.) (1987). Man and wolf: Advances, issues and problems in captive wow research. Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk. Pp. xviii + 439. ISBN 90-6193-614-4. £103.25 (hardback). 相似文献
Davey, G. & Cullen, C. (Eds.) (1988). Human operant conditioning and behaviour modifcution. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Pp. x + 270. ISBN 0-471-91637-4. £29.50.
Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A. & Rachlin, H. (Eds.). (1987), Quantitative analyses of behavior. Vol. 5: The efect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Pp. 344. ISBN 0-89859-800-1. £31.00.
Pearce, J. M. (1987). An introduction to animal cognition. Hove and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. Pp. 328. ISBN 0-86377-0568 (hardback) 219.95; ISBN 0-86377457-6 (paperback) £9.95.
Archer, J. (1988). The behavioural biology of aggression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. x + 257. ISBN 0-521-34790-4. £9.95 (paperback).
Greenberg, G. and Tobach, E. (Eds.) (1987). Cognition, language, and consciousness: Integrative tevels. The T. C. Schneirla Conference Series. Volume 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Pp. ix + 301. ISBN 0-89859-7224. £27.50.
Mook, D.G. (1987). Motivation: The organisation of action. New York: Norton. Pp. xxii + 586. ISBN 0-393-95474-9. £12.95 (hardback).
Frank, H. (Ed.) (1987). Man and wolf: Advances, issues and problems in captive wow research. Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk. Pp. xviii + 439. ISBN 90-6193-614-4. £103.25 (hardback). 相似文献
60.
An analysis of student learning with the LISP tutor indicates that while LISP is complex, learning it is simple. The key to factoring out the complexity of LISP is to monitor the learning of the 500 productions in the LISP tutor which describe the programming skill. The learning of these productions follows the power-law learning curve typical of skill acquisition. There is transfer from other programming experience to the extent that this programming experience involves the same productions. Subjects appear to differ only on the general dimensions of how well they acquire the productions and how well they retain the productions. Instructional manipulations such as remediation, content of feedback, and timing of feedback are effective to the extent they give students more practice programming, and explain to students why correct solutions work. 相似文献